Selasa, September 01, 2009
KTT DARURAT UNI AFRIKA TENTANG DARFUR DAN SOMALIA
Chaired By Leader of the Revolution, Chairman of the African Union Proceedings of the AU Summit for Resolution of Conflicts in Africa Kicks Off in Tripoli
Tripoli-31.8.2009
Chaired by the Leader of the Revolution, Chairman of the African Union, the Summit for Resolution of Conflicts in Africa kicked off in Tripoli today amidst celebrations of the 40th anniversary of al Fatah Revolution.
After the national anthem, the Leader of the Revolution opened the session with a statement in which stressed that the conflicts which are bogging down the continent progress are unnecessary legacy of colonial era.
He said the convention of this conference is an attempt by Africa to solve its own problems on its own.. since it possesses the potential to face up to the challenges and find solutions to conflicts.
The Leader stressed the need for Africa both current and future generations that there are no conflicts, wars or rebellion especially now that the continent is heading towards the establishment of the United States of Africa.
Tripoli-31.8.2009
Following is the text of the Leader's statement:
In the name of Allah we open the special summit of the African Union today 31 August 2009 in Tripoli in an attempt by Africa to solve its own problems on its own..since it possesses the potential to face up to the challenges and find solutions to conflicts.
As we head move on towards establishment of AU basic institutions and transition to Union authority and establishment of the African Defence Council and the African Agency for Protection of outside borders and the African Readied Force being in the making now in every region..it is in the interests of our generation and the future generations that there are no conflicts, rebellions, civil wars and border conflicts.
We are heading towards the United States of Africa which will remove all traces of colonial divisions.
The borders created by the occupation will disappear, to give way to the one African space, the common market, the one currency, the one identity.. this is happening not just in Africa, but in the entire world which is turning into a bigger entities with full potential capable of competing among one another in a way that the national state no longer able to do.
Conflicts are not in our interest, which would waste our time and squander our efforts.
Instead of moving forward to build Africa and exploit its resources that are being looted and exploited by foreign forces, now we're moving in circles in the same place with unnecessary problems, which are the remnants of the colonial era, the border of each African nation is inherited.
We have agreed that there should be conflict over these borders, we there is African integration, these borders would be of no significance.
Now, it would futile to give them significance, effort or waste time for this as it will eliminated in the future, because there is a reality, a national state, from now on, wouldn't be able to exist on its own, it cannot protect its borders on its own even if it was a powerful country just as in Europe or Asia.
When distinguish between the two types of conflicts that are before us:
- Conflict between two counties, this is what we should confront and find the solution between the brothers, this is supposedly the specialty of the UN Security Council at the global level.
It is the international conflict between two countries, especially when it is an armed conflict, use of force, or threatening to use it, this is what threatens world peace and security, and hence the UN Security Council is at the global level.
Now, other blocs and spaces have emerged in the world, that does not trust the so-called "UN Security Council", and establish regional security council in the world to resolve conflicts without the need to refer it to the so-called "UN Security Council".
We should confront this type of conflict between the two countries, as we have the right to intervene, the right to end and resolve it.
This is the basic type of conflict.
The second type of conflict is internal, a civil war, domestic insurgency, internal coups.
From the legal point of view, this a domestic matter, not the responsibility of anyone not concerned with the matter.
Each country has its constituents and legal institutions and can confront the internal problem, no one has the right to interfere, neither the African Union nor the so-called "UN Security Council", nor any other country.
These matter should be resolved for the people of the country.
We can give an example on these two types:
- The first type: there aren't many.
There is the conflict between Sudan and Chad.
This conflict is between two African sisterly neighboring countries, we should confront it and impose the resolution both countries.
Of course, what's between Chad and Sudan is not a border conflict, you all know it is a conflict within Sudan and a conflict within Chad, which have reflected on relations between the two countries, because this country accuse the other of supporting the domestic conflict, a matter that led to the deterioration of relations between both countries.
There is a border dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea, two neighboring sisterly countries, unfortunately, there was a fierce war over the border of the two countries.
Now, the situation is calm, there is nothing in the horizons that indicate a renewed armed conflict, as they tested armed conflict and which was a grave loss for both countries.
Nevertheless, the border dispute was only resolved by the ruling of the international court that was recognized, however, there is a secondary problem, the demarcation of the border and what could arise for the population over the border line.
Through my contacts with the brothers in Ethiopia and in Eritrea, they have asked me not include the problem in the agenda of the special session, and down to their desire we will not discuss the matter.
If they think the situation is not grave, however, the African Union has the right to resolve the conflict between two African nations, as this is not an internal matter, rather between two nations or more.
In this case as in the international community intervenes in such cases, the African Union intervenes in such cases, as it is not an internal matter, especially when reaches the use of force or threatening to use it.
However, an effort should be made to convince the brothers in Ethiopia and Eritrea that we, the African Union, should end the demarcation of the border and the consequences in a cordial and sound fashion.
I am truly not assured to leave the matter as it is, but it could be a time bomb, let us not deceive ourselves.
There was an armed conflict in the Great Lake region, and, thank God, it has ended.
The situation between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo is not bad rather, there is a cooperation between both countries to combat insurgents in both countries.
Other than this, there are no conflicts between a country and another, which is our specialty and it concerns us and it is our right to intervene and try to resolve it.
The second type of conflict is:
What is going on in Somalia is an internal matter, but it's very grave that led to the absence of a country in the African Union and the United Nations, it has practically became absent, an armed conflict between the Somalis themselves.
A conflict erupted in Kenya following the elections, in spite of the great loss in that conflict that mounted to thousands of lives due to the elections, but, it ended with an African and a Kenyan will, thank God, Kenya is stable, there is nothing that could be discussed.
There was an internal dispute in Zimbabwe...a power dispute just as in Kenya, it was self-solved.
All o it of course with Africa's assistance, however, thanks to the internal elements in Kenya and Zimbabwe.
There was a conflict of this sort in Cote D'Ivoire that has abated now, however, an observation is required to once and for all reach a final solution, especially when the election date is approaching.
Darfur is an internal problem that could have been resolved by Sudan, Darfur is a part of Sudan, and this part has rebelled for excuses which it thought deserved defending, but foreign intervention is what fueled the flame.
We should acknowledge that there are global forces that has international strategies and schemes that could reach a hundred year or more on how they could benefit from the world and it resources and how to colonize it.
He how has an immense force will not resort to peace and they will search for how to use this force.
It is natural for a super power to use this brute force, Hitler, Napoleon, Gomez, Qurush, Jenggis Khan and Alexander Maqdouni used it, the United States uses it now and Britain has used it in the past.
All the super powers have used it...the Ottomans have used it, the Islamic Khilafat has used it and conquer Europe and reached Europe and wanted to occupy it, the European colonialism tried to occupy the entire world.
Unfortunately, he who has power wants to use it.
These superpowers are still present now and are doing their thing in Africa's problems, the Darfur problem is not far from the greed of the superpowers.
There is oil in Sudan, the superpowers want to put their hands on the oil sources and their companies have the lion's share in these privileges.
There are other resources such as uranium, gold and gas in African countries, which make the greedy drool.
You have witnessed how Libya suffered because it has oil and gas, they make vague excuses, but the objective is known, it is to put their hands in Libyan oil and gas, just as in the Gulf now, and as schemed for oil-rich Gulf of Guinea.
We are not exonerating the superpowers from igniting internal wars, especially in Africa and Darfur on top.
The Darfur problem should have been resolved internally, and Sudan should have resolved its problems on its own, however, it was internationalized for the reasons I have mentioned.
Since the international community and greedy countries have entered, the African Union shouldn't keep its hands tied.
Herein, we have listed it in our agenda and try to resolve it.
However, the thing that we should resolve is the conflict between Chad and Sudan.
We cannot do anything for the insurgency in Chad, and perhaps we cannot do anything for the insurgency in Sudan as well.
Coups and insurgencies are known..we must thank our brothers in Guinea Bissau who after assassination of our brother President Nino acted in accordance with the constitution and the law ..they caused us no problems ..when the President was dead the army assumed power, which was a good thing, they prevented the collapse of law and order.
This matter we still follow up ..if it were internal matter like Mauritania in which the problem is solved by fair elections and it is now full member of the African Union.
Now Guinea Bissau is a member of the African Union.
Madagascar is another internal problem ..a conflict between brothers ..between the sons of Madagascar themselves..it is not the first time in their history..we cannot intervene from outside in the problem of Madagascar.
In fact Mauritania ..Guinea Bissau , Cote D'Avoire ..Darfur and Madagascar are all internal problems that nobody has a right to intervene in.. only to offer help bridge the gap and try to find solution.
I don't want to review the efforts that have been made to resolve this problem, perhaps the Chairperson of the Commission will, however, efforts were actually made, and sometimes diligent efforts were made by mediators and the international community.
Now, we're supposed to be in the final stages of resolving the problem, whether it was an internal or border.. I don't see a major step for Darfur or south Sudan, Chad and Sudan...I don't see a genuine step in this matter if we went far from international intervention of greed.
Frankly, we're facing our problems: isn't it enough that a Darfur faction has an office in Tel Aviv and backed by the so-called "Israel" and it is under its protection, this indicates sabotage foreign power that intervenes into Africa's internal problems and exaggerates it to make Africa preoccupied in problems so they can plunder its wealth with their multinational companies.
So, there is actually a foreign hand .
For your information , the Israelis have a card to play , they say we are a minority in the world, consequently, we support all minorities . They look for minorities in any country specially in Africa : they claim they support these minorities and they make alliance with them against the majority .
Therefore Israeli embassies in Africa have an essential task , that is looking for minorities which are searching to prove their identity , be that African minority religious , linguistic or ethnic in order to make an alliance with them and create an expansion inside each African country or outside Africa.
Their policy is clear, and they are behind this faction in Darfur.
This is a reality , for the office which is in Tel-Aviv and the head of this faction which calls itself, the liberation of Darfur supported by Israelis and he is now under the protection of France , he might be a terrorist or a rebel , but he is under protection a member state of the United Nations and his revolt is supported by these countries. His is very serious matter and we must be aware of it , So , we have demanded many times that Israeli embassies must get out of Africa because they are not diplomatic embassies and this is not a state , but a gang that declared its creation unilaterally on a disputed land .
We are not to discuss the Palestinian problem , but I am saying that Israelis have a big role in Africa in instigating these disputes and problem in Darfur is clear proof since they are impudently and openly behind this crisis and any African country with minority will be supported by the Israelis .
Do be deceived by the Israelis , they will not give you useful aid since they take rather than give and you can see for yourselves which country benefited from the Israelis .
I would like brothers that the African conflict resolution item to be a permanent item on the agenda of the African Union and be subject of follow up ..this was not done in the past where we used to meet and did not discuss conflicts.
The thing which one rather abhors is that some of our brothers who got problems between one another do not file them to the African Union under the plea that they do not want to meet face to face.
This is unacceptable ..we meet as a union ..a continent ..as brothers..if we have problems we should put them on the table.
We need not to insult one another once we are in conflict ,.. but we have to make our arguments ..and we will help them find a solution.
Now I invite the Chairman of the commission to read out the review report of these problems briefly.
The Chairman of the AU Commission read this report which he started it by extending congratulations to the leader and the Libyan people on the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution where he said :
'' On this occasion where the 40th anniversary of the Revolution coincides with the 10th anniversary of the creation of our present organization , wishing all happy anniversary .
I would like on behalf of the Commission and myself to convey our warm congratulations and sincere good wishes to the leader of the Revolution and to the Libyan people on these memorable occasions and specially for the notable progress gained in political, economic , social and cultural aspects and for Libya's considerable contributions in promoting Africa's causes'' .
The Commission's Chairman saluted the leader's initiative by calling for holding this summit .
He said : '' You really gave this session a very deep and clear consideration about a fundamental issue regarding the fate of our continent , that is disputes and different political crisis that Africa witnesses during the past twenty years ''.
The report reviewed samples of tragedies and losses caused by these conflicts and the problems facing the continent .
He stated in this respect: ( There are about 20 internal disputes most of them occurred in less than a quarter of a century . That made our continent the biggest in the number of refugees , that is about ( 3 ) millions out of the figure ( 10. 5 ) millions being counted around the world .
Africa has ( 1.6 ) million refugees out of ( 26 ) million around the world .
There are also other figures concerning millions killed and disabled most of them women and children as a direct or indirect result of these disputes.
Besides that there heavy losses due to these tragic armed conflicts at social and economic levels that reached about ( 18 ) billions a year from the 90's on .
Added to these huge losses, economic activities shrinked in those countries, besides the decrease of capital and investments necessary for development ., destruction of infrastructure, the lack of food security and spread of diseases and deterioration of the environment.''
The African Commission report has underscored the importance of such meeting, not only because of the suffering of communities and countries from conflicts but also for strengthening the African Union's role which in the past had not exploited its potential to face up to the challenges and problems.
He said " your session was the right answer to these concerns, and your commitment to bring an end to conflicts testifies to Africa's resolve not to sit idle and let the progress that's been made fall hostage to continuing conflicts.
The report stressed that this special session indicates the growing awareness throughout the continent of an increased commitment to an Africa that has a collective management of conflicts, promote common action and to use the all its potential to achieve peace , security and development.
The report reviewed the effort that was exerted in the hotspots throughout the continent.
Before the opening session adjourned , the leader saluted on behalf of the Libyan people African leaders and delegations that came from everywhere to participate tomorrow in the historical grand celebration marking the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution, the universal Revolution that has changed the course of events in the world since its outbreak in 1969.
The leader said :
'' Now , as we are about to end the opening session , we extend thanks to our dear guests who honored us by attending this special session of the African summit , Heads of State, Representatives of Heads of State and Governments , peoples and organizations that came from Asia, Europe and Latin America.
He also have the honor that a number of former African heads of state who are with us here and we extend our greetings and regard to them .
On behalf of the Libyan people we thank all of you , brother leaders of Africa, Heads of State and of delegations who came from all over to share with us tomorrow in the grand celebration marking the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution . .. The universal and historic Revolution that had an impact on the course of events in the world since its outbreak in the year 1969 .
It actually transferred into a people's revolution inside and into an international Revolution outside .
We , the Libyans are pleased to convey our best regards and thanks to our African brothers and to our guests from outside Africa who came from far distance. some of them who are Muslims came despite the fasting , but they decided to come and to be among their Libyan brothers.
This gives us the honor and makes us delighted and grateful to all for attending this historical celebration .
Tripoli-31.8.2009
Chaired by the Leader of the Revolution, Chairman of the African Union, the Summit for Resolution of Conflicts in Africa kicked off in Tripoli today amidst celebrations of the 40th anniversary of al Fatah Revolution.
After the national anthem, the Leader of the Revolution opened the session with a statement in which stressed that the conflicts which are bogging down the continent progress are unnecessary legacy of colonial era.
He said the convention of this conference is an attempt by Africa to solve its own problems on its own.. since it possesses the potential to face up to the challenges and find solutions to conflicts.
The Leader stressed the need for Africa both current and future generations that there are no conflicts, wars or rebellion especially now that the continent is heading towards the establishment of the United States of Africa.
Tripoli-31.8.2009
Following is the text of the Leader's statement:
In the name of Allah we open the special summit of the African Union today 31 August 2009 in Tripoli in an attempt by Africa to solve its own problems on its own..since it possesses the potential to face up to the challenges and find solutions to conflicts.
As we head move on towards establishment of AU basic institutions and transition to Union authority and establishment of the African Defence Council and the African Agency for Protection of outside borders and the African Readied Force being in the making now in every region..it is in the interests of our generation and the future generations that there are no conflicts, rebellions, civil wars and border conflicts.
We are heading towards the United States of Africa which will remove all traces of colonial divisions.
The borders created by the occupation will disappear, to give way to the one African space, the common market, the one currency, the one identity.. this is happening not just in Africa, but in the entire world which is turning into a bigger entities with full potential capable of competing among one another in a way that the national state no longer able to do.
Conflicts are not in our interest, which would waste our time and squander our efforts.
Instead of moving forward to build Africa and exploit its resources that are being looted and exploited by foreign forces, now we're moving in circles in the same place with unnecessary problems, which are the remnants of the colonial era, the border of each African nation is inherited.
We have agreed that there should be conflict over these borders, we there is African integration, these borders would be of no significance.
Now, it would futile to give them significance, effort or waste time for this as it will eliminated in the future, because there is a reality, a national state, from now on, wouldn't be able to exist on its own, it cannot protect its borders on its own even if it was a powerful country just as in Europe or Asia.
When distinguish between the two types of conflicts that are before us:
- Conflict between two counties, this is what we should confront and find the solution between the brothers, this is supposedly the specialty of the UN Security Council at the global level.
It is the international conflict between two countries, especially when it is an armed conflict, use of force, or threatening to use it, this is what threatens world peace and security, and hence the UN Security Council is at the global level.
Now, other blocs and spaces have emerged in the world, that does not trust the so-called "UN Security Council", and establish regional security council in the world to resolve conflicts without the need to refer it to the so-called "UN Security Council".
We should confront this type of conflict between the two countries, as we have the right to intervene, the right to end and resolve it.
This is the basic type of conflict.
The second type of conflict is internal, a civil war, domestic insurgency, internal coups.
From the legal point of view, this a domestic matter, not the responsibility of anyone not concerned with the matter.
Each country has its constituents and legal institutions and can confront the internal problem, no one has the right to interfere, neither the African Union nor the so-called "UN Security Council", nor any other country.
These matter should be resolved for the people of the country.
We can give an example on these two types:
- The first type: there aren't many.
There is the conflict between Sudan and Chad.
This conflict is between two African sisterly neighboring countries, we should confront it and impose the resolution both countries.
Of course, what's between Chad and Sudan is not a border conflict, you all know it is a conflict within Sudan and a conflict within Chad, which have reflected on relations between the two countries, because this country accuse the other of supporting the domestic conflict, a matter that led to the deterioration of relations between both countries.
There is a border dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea, two neighboring sisterly countries, unfortunately, there was a fierce war over the border of the two countries.
Now, the situation is calm, there is nothing in the horizons that indicate a renewed armed conflict, as they tested armed conflict and which was a grave loss for both countries.
Nevertheless, the border dispute was only resolved by the ruling of the international court that was recognized, however, there is a secondary problem, the demarcation of the border and what could arise for the population over the border line.
Through my contacts with the brothers in Ethiopia and in Eritrea, they have asked me not include the problem in the agenda of the special session, and down to their desire we will not discuss the matter.
If they think the situation is not grave, however, the African Union has the right to resolve the conflict between two African nations, as this is not an internal matter, rather between two nations or more.
In this case as in the international community intervenes in such cases, the African Union intervenes in such cases, as it is not an internal matter, especially when reaches the use of force or threatening to use it.
However, an effort should be made to convince the brothers in Ethiopia and Eritrea that we, the African Union, should end the demarcation of the border and the consequences in a cordial and sound fashion.
I am truly not assured to leave the matter as it is, but it could be a time bomb, let us not deceive ourselves.
There was an armed conflict in the Great Lake region, and, thank God, it has ended.
The situation between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo is not bad rather, there is a cooperation between both countries to combat insurgents in both countries.
Other than this, there are no conflicts between a country and another, which is our specialty and it concerns us and it is our right to intervene and try to resolve it.
The second type of conflict is:
What is going on in Somalia is an internal matter, but it's very grave that led to the absence of a country in the African Union and the United Nations, it has practically became absent, an armed conflict between the Somalis themselves.
A conflict erupted in Kenya following the elections, in spite of the great loss in that conflict that mounted to thousands of lives due to the elections, but, it ended with an African and a Kenyan will, thank God, Kenya is stable, there is nothing that could be discussed.
There was an internal dispute in Zimbabwe...a power dispute just as in Kenya, it was self-solved.
All o it of course with Africa's assistance, however, thanks to the internal elements in Kenya and Zimbabwe.
There was a conflict of this sort in Cote D'Ivoire that has abated now, however, an observation is required to once and for all reach a final solution, especially when the election date is approaching.
Darfur is an internal problem that could have been resolved by Sudan, Darfur is a part of Sudan, and this part has rebelled for excuses which it thought deserved defending, but foreign intervention is what fueled the flame.
We should acknowledge that there are global forces that has international strategies and schemes that could reach a hundred year or more on how they could benefit from the world and it resources and how to colonize it.
He how has an immense force will not resort to peace and they will search for how to use this force.
It is natural for a super power to use this brute force, Hitler, Napoleon, Gomez, Qurush, Jenggis Khan and Alexander Maqdouni used it, the United States uses it now and Britain has used it in the past.
All the super powers have used it...the Ottomans have used it, the Islamic Khilafat has used it and conquer Europe and reached Europe and wanted to occupy it, the European colonialism tried to occupy the entire world.
Unfortunately, he who has power wants to use it.
These superpowers are still present now and are doing their thing in Africa's problems, the Darfur problem is not far from the greed of the superpowers.
There is oil in Sudan, the superpowers want to put their hands on the oil sources and their companies have the lion's share in these privileges.
There are other resources such as uranium, gold and gas in African countries, which make the greedy drool.
You have witnessed how Libya suffered because it has oil and gas, they make vague excuses, but the objective is known, it is to put their hands in Libyan oil and gas, just as in the Gulf now, and as schemed for oil-rich Gulf of Guinea.
We are not exonerating the superpowers from igniting internal wars, especially in Africa and Darfur on top.
The Darfur problem should have been resolved internally, and Sudan should have resolved its problems on its own, however, it was internationalized for the reasons I have mentioned.
Since the international community and greedy countries have entered, the African Union shouldn't keep its hands tied.
Herein, we have listed it in our agenda and try to resolve it.
However, the thing that we should resolve is the conflict between Chad and Sudan.
We cannot do anything for the insurgency in Chad, and perhaps we cannot do anything for the insurgency in Sudan as well.
Coups and insurgencies are known..we must thank our brothers in Guinea Bissau who after assassination of our brother President Nino acted in accordance with the constitution and the law ..they caused us no problems ..when the President was dead the army assumed power, which was a good thing, they prevented the collapse of law and order.
This matter we still follow up ..if it were internal matter like Mauritania in which the problem is solved by fair elections and it is now full member of the African Union.
Now Guinea Bissau is a member of the African Union.
Madagascar is another internal problem ..a conflict between brothers ..between the sons of Madagascar themselves..it is not the first time in their history..we cannot intervene from outside in the problem of Madagascar.
In fact Mauritania ..Guinea Bissau , Cote D'Avoire ..Darfur and Madagascar are all internal problems that nobody has a right to intervene in.. only to offer help bridge the gap and try to find solution.
I don't want to review the efforts that have been made to resolve this problem, perhaps the Chairperson of the Commission will, however, efforts were actually made, and sometimes diligent efforts were made by mediators and the international community.
Now, we're supposed to be in the final stages of resolving the problem, whether it was an internal or border.. I don't see a major step for Darfur or south Sudan, Chad and Sudan...I don't see a genuine step in this matter if we went far from international intervention of greed.
Frankly, we're facing our problems: isn't it enough that a Darfur faction has an office in Tel Aviv and backed by the so-called "Israel" and it is under its protection, this indicates sabotage foreign power that intervenes into Africa's internal problems and exaggerates it to make Africa preoccupied in problems so they can plunder its wealth with their multinational companies.
So, there is actually a foreign hand .
For your information , the Israelis have a card to play , they say we are a minority in the world, consequently, we support all minorities . They look for minorities in any country specially in Africa : they claim they support these minorities and they make alliance with them against the majority .
Therefore Israeli embassies in Africa have an essential task , that is looking for minorities which are searching to prove their identity , be that African minority religious , linguistic or ethnic in order to make an alliance with them and create an expansion inside each African country or outside Africa.
Their policy is clear, and they are behind this faction in Darfur.
This is a reality , for the office which is in Tel-Aviv and the head of this faction which calls itself, the liberation of Darfur supported by Israelis and he is now under the protection of France , he might be a terrorist or a rebel , but he is under protection a member state of the United Nations and his revolt is supported by these countries. His is very serious matter and we must be aware of it , So , we have demanded many times that Israeli embassies must get out of Africa because they are not diplomatic embassies and this is not a state , but a gang that declared its creation unilaterally on a disputed land .
We are not to discuss the Palestinian problem , but I am saying that Israelis have a big role in Africa in instigating these disputes and problem in Darfur is clear proof since they are impudently and openly behind this crisis and any African country with minority will be supported by the Israelis .
Do be deceived by the Israelis , they will not give you useful aid since they take rather than give and you can see for yourselves which country benefited from the Israelis .
I would like brothers that the African conflict resolution item to be a permanent item on the agenda of the African Union and be subject of follow up ..this was not done in the past where we used to meet and did not discuss conflicts.
The thing which one rather abhors is that some of our brothers who got problems between one another do not file them to the African Union under the plea that they do not want to meet face to face.
This is unacceptable ..we meet as a union ..a continent ..as brothers..if we have problems we should put them on the table.
We need not to insult one another once we are in conflict ,.. but we have to make our arguments ..and we will help them find a solution.
Now I invite the Chairman of the commission to read out the review report of these problems briefly.
The Chairman of the AU Commission read this report which he started it by extending congratulations to the leader and the Libyan people on the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution where he said :
'' On this occasion where the 40th anniversary of the Revolution coincides with the 10th anniversary of the creation of our present organization , wishing all happy anniversary .
I would like on behalf of the Commission and myself to convey our warm congratulations and sincere good wishes to the leader of the Revolution and to the Libyan people on these memorable occasions and specially for the notable progress gained in political, economic , social and cultural aspects and for Libya's considerable contributions in promoting Africa's causes'' .
The Commission's Chairman saluted the leader's initiative by calling for holding this summit .
He said : '' You really gave this session a very deep and clear consideration about a fundamental issue regarding the fate of our continent , that is disputes and different political crisis that Africa witnesses during the past twenty years ''.
The report reviewed samples of tragedies and losses caused by these conflicts and the problems facing the continent .
He stated in this respect: ( There are about 20 internal disputes most of them occurred in less than a quarter of a century . That made our continent the biggest in the number of refugees , that is about ( 3 ) millions out of the figure ( 10. 5 ) millions being counted around the world .
Africa has ( 1.6 ) million refugees out of ( 26 ) million around the world .
There are also other figures concerning millions killed and disabled most of them women and children as a direct or indirect result of these disputes.
Besides that there heavy losses due to these tragic armed conflicts at social and economic levels that reached about ( 18 ) billions a year from the 90's on .
Added to these huge losses, economic activities shrinked in those countries, besides the decrease of capital and investments necessary for development ., destruction of infrastructure, the lack of food security and spread of diseases and deterioration of the environment.''
The African Commission report has underscored the importance of such meeting, not only because of the suffering of communities and countries from conflicts but also for strengthening the African Union's role which in the past had not exploited its potential to face up to the challenges and problems.
He said " your session was the right answer to these concerns, and your commitment to bring an end to conflicts testifies to Africa's resolve not to sit idle and let the progress that's been made fall hostage to continuing conflicts.
The report stressed that this special session indicates the growing awareness throughout the continent of an increased commitment to an Africa that has a collective management of conflicts, promote common action and to use the all its potential to achieve peace , security and development.
The report reviewed the effort that was exerted in the hotspots throughout the continent.
Before the opening session adjourned , the leader saluted on behalf of the Libyan people African leaders and delegations that came from everywhere to participate tomorrow in the historical grand celebration marking the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution, the universal Revolution that has changed the course of events in the world since its outbreak in 1969.
The leader said :
'' Now , as we are about to end the opening session , we extend thanks to our dear guests who honored us by attending this special session of the African summit , Heads of State, Representatives of Heads of State and Governments , peoples and organizations that came from Asia, Europe and Latin America.
He also have the honor that a number of former African heads of state who are with us here and we extend our greetings and regard to them .
On behalf of the Libyan people we thank all of you , brother leaders of Africa, Heads of State and of delegations who came from all over to share with us tomorrow in the grand celebration marking the 40th anniversary of Great al-Fatah Revolution . .. The universal and historic Revolution that had an impact on the course of events in the world since its outbreak in the year 1969 .
It actually transferred into a people's revolution inside and into an international Revolution outside .
We , the Libyans are pleased to convey our best regards and thanks to our African brothers and to our guests from outside Africa who came from far distance. some of them who are Muslims came despite the fasting , but they decided to come and to be among their Libyan brothers.
This gives us the honor and makes us delighted and grateful to all for attending this historical celebration .
SIKAP TEGAS SANG RAJAWALI AFRIKA: KOL. MUAMMAR GADDAFI
RAJAWALI AFRIKA TETAP LANTANG BERPIHAK MENUNTUT KEADILAN DUNIA INTERNASIONAL
Rajawali Afrika, Pemimpin Libya Kol. Muammar Gaddafi atas nama Ketua Uni Afrika pada pembukaan KTT Gerakan Non-Blok ke-15 di Sharm Sheikh Mesir tgl. 15 Juli 2009 meminta kepada GNB untuk menuntut perubahan terhadap status quo sistem internasional yang ada dan meminta kepada para pemimpin negara-negara GNB dukungannya terhadap usulan yang diajukan Libya untuk mendirikan Dewan Keamanan GNB sebagai ganti dari Dewan Keamanan yang ada sekarang dengan alasan bahwa jumlah penduduk negara-negara Non-Blok merupakan representasi dari tiga seperempat penduduk dunia. Kol. Gaddafi mengungkapkan hal tersebut bahwa anggota GNB terdiri dari 118 buah negara yang apabila ada persoalan bagi anggota GNB dapat diketengahkan kepada Dewan Keamanan milik GNB, bukan kepada Dewan Keamanan yang ada sekarang karena tidak dapat percaya. DK PBB yang ada sekarang tidak ada keperpihakan dan perhatian kepada negara kecil dan miskin. DK PBB yang ada sekarang merupakan monopoli sekelompok kecil negara yang mempunyai keanggotaan tetap di badan PBB tersebut, bahkan lebih kecil lagi dikuasai oleh satu negara yang mengendalikan sepak terjang lembaga tersebut sehingga membahayakan bagi keamanan dunia. Bahkan Kol. Gaddafi menganggap bahwa Dewan Keamanan sebagai alat bagi satu negara tertentu, bukan representasi dunia yang pada akhirnya menjadi boomerang bagi negara kecil dan miskin yang mayoritas merupakan anggota GNB.
Kol. Gaddafi juga meminta kepada GNB untuk membuat Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional sebagai ganti dari Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional yang ada sekarang yang menurut Kol. Gaddafi menganut sistem double-standard yang menuntut hukuman kepada Presiden Sudan Omar Bashir tapi tidak menuntut yang membunuh jutaan orang di Irak dan membunuh tawanan perang. Kedua pernyataan tersebut yang dimaksud adalah AS yang menduduki Irak dan Israel yang membunuh tawanan perang Mesir pada masa perang antara kedua negara. Oleh karena itu, Kol. Gaddafi sebagai Ketua Uni Afrika akan menuntut pada Sidang Majlis Umum PBB bulan September 2009 jatah satu kursi tetap bagi Uni Afrika yang mempunyai hak veto sebagaimana anggota tetap lainnya (AS, Perancis, Inggris, Rusia dan Cina). Sedangkan mengenai persoalan Iran, Kol. Gaddafi mendukung negara tersebut melakukan pengayaan uranium untuk kepentingan damai dan sebaliknya tidak mendukung apabila pengayaan uranium tersebut untuk tujuan-tujuan memproduksi senjata nuklir.
Rajawali Afrika, Pemimpin Libya Kol. Muammar Gaddafi atas nama Ketua Uni Afrika pada pembukaan KTT Gerakan Non-Blok ke-15 di Sharm Sheikh Mesir tgl. 15 Juli 2009 meminta kepada GNB untuk menuntut perubahan terhadap status quo sistem internasional yang ada dan meminta kepada para pemimpin negara-negara GNB dukungannya terhadap usulan yang diajukan Libya untuk mendirikan Dewan Keamanan GNB sebagai ganti dari Dewan Keamanan yang ada sekarang dengan alasan bahwa jumlah penduduk negara-negara Non-Blok merupakan representasi dari tiga seperempat penduduk dunia. Kol. Gaddafi mengungkapkan hal tersebut bahwa anggota GNB terdiri dari 118 buah negara yang apabila ada persoalan bagi anggota GNB dapat diketengahkan kepada Dewan Keamanan milik GNB, bukan kepada Dewan Keamanan yang ada sekarang karena tidak dapat percaya. DK PBB yang ada sekarang tidak ada keperpihakan dan perhatian kepada negara kecil dan miskin. DK PBB yang ada sekarang merupakan monopoli sekelompok kecil negara yang mempunyai keanggotaan tetap di badan PBB tersebut, bahkan lebih kecil lagi dikuasai oleh satu negara yang mengendalikan sepak terjang lembaga tersebut sehingga membahayakan bagi keamanan dunia. Bahkan Kol. Gaddafi menganggap bahwa Dewan Keamanan sebagai alat bagi satu negara tertentu, bukan representasi dunia yang pada akhirnya menjadi boomerang bagi negara kecil dan miskin yang mayoritas merupakan anggota GNB.
Kol. Gaddafi juga meminta kepada GNB untuk membuat Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional sebagai ganti dari Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional yang ada sekarang yang menurut Kol. Gaddafi menganut sistem double-standard yang menuntut hukuman kepada Presiden Sudan Omar Bashir tapi tidak menuntut yang membunuh jutaan orang di Irak dan membunuh tawanan perang. Kedua pernyataan tersebut yang dimaksud adalah AS yang menduduki Irak dan Israel yang membunuh tawanan perang Mesir pada masa perang antara kedua negara. Oleh karena itu, Kol. Gaddafi sebagai Ketua Uni Afrika akan menuntut pada Sidang Majlis Umum PBB bulan September 2009 jatah satu kursi tetap bagi Uni Afrika yang mempunyai hak veto sebagaimana anggota tetap lainnya (AS, Perancis, Inggris, Rusia dan Cina). Sedangkan mengenai persoalan Iran, Kol. Gaddafi mendukung negara tersebut melakukan pengayaan uranium untuk kepentingan damai dan sebaliknya tidak mendukung apabila pengayaan uranium tersebut untuk tujuan-tujuan memproduksi senjata nuklir.
قراءة التاريخ ... مسارات تطوّر الفكر والمنهج
السبت, 22 أغسطس 2009
عمرو عبدالعزيز منير
ما بال المؤرخين عندنا الآن لا يؤثّرون في الحراك الفكري والعملي كما يحدث عند الآخرين؟! هل: لأننا ارتضينا الوقوف عند الماضي، ثم طال وقوفنا فتجمدنا، ثم أصبح انتاجنا اخباراً جامدة، لا تحس بها، ولا تؤثر في معاش الناس.
يمكن القول دون حذر شديد: لقد انقطع حاضرنا وغدنا عن أمسنا، وانقطع معه تواصلنا مع علوم أخرى لا يمكن أن يقوم التاريخ على ساقه من دونها. عندئذ أصبحنا ننتج وندرس تاريخاً لا يهتم به إلا الطالب ليعبر به بوابة الاختبار، أو ليردده البعض في المجالس من باب التسلية. وربما يتلطف آخرون ويصفون عمل بعض الإخباريين والرواة الذين يتقمصون دور المؤرخين بالخرافات والأساطير. والحق أن الراوي الإخباري يهتم بالأساطير والحكايات الشعبية، لأنها تحيط حديثه وكتاباته بهالة من المعجزات. وإن كانت الأساطير والحكايات الشعبية غير متسلسلة زمانياً. إلا ان اهتمام الإخباري بسياقها القصصي، يجعلها ذات قيمة اخبارية، دون أن يهتم برموزها ومضامينها الفكرية أو التمثيلية. التي أدت الى عجز المؤرخين المعاصرين عن تحصيل الكفاءة العلمية والمعرفة الواقعية بالمشكلات القائمة على الأرض لا الموروثة من غياهب التاريخ، الأمر الذي سبب لهم عجزاً في ابتكار الأفكار وبناء المنظومات المتماسكة فكرياً وواقعياً!!
تلك الأفكار والتساؤلات يستثيرها فينا المؤرخ العربي قاسم عبده قاسم عبر كتابه المتميز «قراءة التاريخ تطور الفكر والمنهج» الصادر أخيراً عن دار عين للدراسات، القاهرة 2009م. حيث يقودنا عبر الأقسام الأربعة للكتاب الى أن نتساءل: لماذا لا يكون المؤرخ المعاصر مثل المؤرخ القديم الذي عرفته الحضارة الإسلامية عندما كان الطبري مثلاً شيخاً للمؤرخين، وصاحب مدرسة فقهية، ومفسراً جليلاً، ومختصاً في علم القراءات. ورجلاً من رجال الحديث. لماذا أبعد كثيراً. لماذا لا يكون المؤرخ المعاصر مثل المؤرخ ابن بشر الذي كتب في التاريخ الحولي، وفي الأنساب، وفي الخيل، وفي البلدانيات، وله نظر في مجريات مجتمعه، وفي قضايا سياسية ودينية معاصرة له.
وأمر آخر له علاقة بهذه الإشكالية هو ما يسميه الجدران العالية التي بناها المؤرخ حول تخصصه الدقيق، فقد قطع كل علاقة له بتخصصات من جنس عمله أو قريبة منها. هذه الجدران جعلته حبيس تخصصه، وأحالته الى نوع من الغربة، لا نقول المعرفية، بل الغربة الفكرية، هذه الغربة ربما هي الدافع لأن يكون منغمساً في الماضي. أو الماضي الذي هو ميدان عمله. وربما ترك ما عداه من مواضيع أُخر.
الكتاب يعد قراءة معاصرة في فلسفة التاريخ وتعرية حقيقية لواقع الدراسات التاريخية المعاصرة ويؤكد أن الماضي ليس صندوقاً مغلقاً، ولا تحفة خاملة في زاوية متحف مهجور، الماضي كتاب مفتوح ووقود فاعل في حراك الحاضر وأهداف المستقبل. ولن يكون للمؤرخ دور في زمنه الذي يعيشه، إذا لم يتناول تخصصه بمنهج جديد، ورؤى جديدة، وعين فاحصة، ويد صانع، وعليه فوق هذا أن يردم الفجوة الكبيرة التي ارتضاها لنفسه بين الماضي والحاضر، كيف يقوم بردم الفجوة. الأمر بسيط يبدأ من استعمال اللغة التي هي لغة العلوم، ومصطلحات اليوم. ثم عليه أن ينظر في كل قضية حدثت في الماضي، بعد توثيقها وتحليلها وتفكيكها وربطها بأخريات من أمثالها، عليه أن يبين ما فائدة عمله هذا بمعاش اليوم. وهو ما نسميه بدروس التاريخ. فإن لم يفعل أصبح مثل الذي يشخص المرض ثم لا يصف الدواء. والناس اليوم تريد التشخيص وتريد العلاج.
على أن آخرين قد يرون في هذا الحديث قتلاً للتخصص الدقيق. أو كما قال بعضهم عولمة التخصصات. ولكن ما الضير في عولمة العلوم والتخصصات والمناهج. لقد ران علينا زمن لا نعرف إلا التخصص الدقيق، ثم أخذنا في تضييق الدقيق هذا، حتى أصبح مثل سم الخياط، فضاق علينا، وضاق على غيرنا. وزهد فينا الناس، وقالوا فينا وفي التاريخ الأقاويل.
بيد أن الحقيقة التي يكشفها المؤرخ قاسم عبده قاسم: هي أن علاقة الإنسان بالتاريخ في كل الثقافات وفي كل الحضارات، علاقة واحدة: فالإنسان يصنع تاريخه كما أنه صنيعة التاريخ الذي يمثل تراثه، ويشكل عاداته وتقاليده، كما أنه قاعدة وجوده الآني والمستقبلي يصدق هذا على الفكر الإغريقي والروماني، كما يصدق على الفكر العربي الإسلامي في عصور السيادة الإسلامية، ويصدق على العصور القديمة مثلما يصدق على الحال في العالم المعاصر أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين.
ولأن ما يحمله مستقبل الإنسان يتوه في ضبابية الاحتمالات والتوقعات، لأن ما حدث في مجال التدخل في الخصائص البيولوجية، واكتشاف خريطة الجينات البشرية، واحتمالات تطبيق ما تم في مجال الاستنساخ على الإنسان، يجعل المستقبل حافلاً باحتمالات لا يمكن توقعها، ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن شكل العلاقات الدولية، وتطورات المفاهيم الاقتصادية والأنساق والعلاقات الاجتماعية، يمكن أن يشكل المستقبل على نحو غير متوقع وغير مسبوق في تاريخ البشرية. كذلك فإن علاقة الإنسان بالبيئة التي يعيش في رحابها قد تغير من شكلها، ومن أنشطة البشر حفاظاً على البيئة التي صارت هاجساً من هواجس الحاضر والمستقبل. من هنا يقول قاسم عبده قاسم: «إن لهذه الأسباب جميعاً لا يستطيع أحد أن يتكهن بمسار سفينة رحلة «تاريخ التاريخ» في المستقبل القريب أو المستقبل البعيد!!
السبب في ذلك انها رحلة لم تصل الى غايتها، بل انها لن تصل الى هذه الغاية سوى بعد أن تصل رحلة الإنسان - التي لم تتم عبر الزمان - الى غايتها. وعندها لن يكون هناك معنى لاستمرار رحلة «تاريخ التاريخ»... لأنه ليس هناك «تاريخ» من دون «إنسان».
ويختتم المؤرخ قاسم عبده قاسم كتابه بتوجيه الدعوة الى الباحثين والمؤرخين الذين يصرون على تقديم التاريخ في القوالب القديمة الجامدة بضرورة أن يدركوا أنهم يطرحون نوعاً من البضاعة في سوق لا تريدها، وعليهم أن يقدموا بضاعتهم في الشكل الذي يناسب العصر، وبالأسلوب الذي يفضله المستهلك مع الاحتفاظ بأصول البحث العلمي قاعدة لكل هذه المحاولات. لقد مرت مهنة المؤرخين بأزمات كثيرة في تاريخها بحسب ما يكشف هذا الكتاب، ولكنها كانت باستمرار تطور نفسها من خلال منهج البحث التاريخي وأنماط الكتابة التاريخية ويحسن بنا الآن أن نتحدث عن «أنماط المعرفة التاريخية» بدلاً من الحديث عن «أنماط الكتابة التاريخية»، لأن التاريخ لم يعد رهن الكتابة وحدها. عمل رغم تخصصه الدقيق يضمن المتعة حتى لغير المتخصصين.
* كاتب مصري
السبت, 22 أغسطس 2009
عمرو عبدالعزيز منير
ما بال المؤرخين عندنا الآن لا يؤثّرون في الحراك الفكري والعملي كما يحدث عند الآخرين؟! هل: لأننا ارتضينا الوقوف عند الماضي، ثم طال وقوفنا فتجمدنا، ثم أصبح انتاجنا اخباراً جامدة، لا تحس بها، ولا تؤثر في معاش الناس.
يمكن القول دون حذر شديد: لقد انقطع حاضرنا وغدنا عن أمسنا، وانقطع معه تواصلنا مع علوم أخرى لا يمكن أن يقوم التاريخ على ساقه من دونها. عندئذ أصبحنا ننتج وندرس تاريخاً لا يهتم به إلا الطالب ليعبر به بوابة الاختبار، أو ليردده البعض في المجالس من باب التسلية. وربما يتلطف آخرون ويصفون عمل بعض الإخباريين والرواة الذين يتقمصون دور المؤرخين بالخرافات والأساطير. والحق أن الراوي الإخباري يهتم بالأساطير والحكايات الشعبية، لأنها تحيط حديثه وكتاباته بهالة من المعجزات. وإن كانت الأساطير والحكايات الشعبية غير متسلسلة زمانياً. إلا ان اهتمام الإخباري بسياقها القصصي، يجعلها ذات قيمة اخبارية، دون أن يهتم برموزها ومضامينها الفكرية أو التمثيلية. التي أدت الى عجز المؤرخين المعاصرين عن تحصيل الكفاءة العلمية والمعرفة الواقعية بالمشكلات القائمة على الأرض لا الموروثة من غياهب التاريخ، الأمر الذي سبب لهم عجزاً في ابتكار الأفكار وبناء المنظومات المتماسكة فكرياً وواقعياً!!
تلك الأفكار والتساؤلات يستثيرها فينا المؤرخ العربي قاسم عبده قاسم عبر كتابه المتميز «قراءة التاريخ تطور الفكر والمنهج» الصادر أخيراً عن دار عين للدراسات، القاهرة 2009م. حيث يقودنا عبر الأقسام الأربعة للكتاب الى أن نتساءل: لماذا لا يكون المؤرخ المعاصر مثل المؤرخ القديم الذي عرفته الحضارة الإسلامية عندما كان الطبري مثلاً شيخاً للمؤرخين، وصاحب مدرسة فقهية، ومفسراً جليلاً، ومختصاً في علم القراءات. ورجلاً من رجال الحديث. لماذا أبعد كثيراً. لماذا لا يكون المؤرخ المعاصر مثل المؤرخ ابن بشر الذي كتب في التاريخ الحولي، وفي الأنساب، وفي الخيل، وفي البلدانيات، وله نظر في مجريات مجتمعه، وفي قضايا سياسية ودينية معاصرة له.
وأمر آخر له علاقة بهذه الإشكالية هو ما يسميه الجدران العالية التي بناها المؤرخ حول تخصصه الدقيق، فقد قطع كل علاقة له بتخصصات من جنس عمله أو قريبة منها. هذه الجدران جعلته حبيس تخصصه، وأحالته الى نوع من الغربة، لا نقول المعرفية، بل الغربة الفكرية، هذه الغربة ربما هي الدافع لأن يكون منغمساً في الماضي. أو الماضي الذي هو ميدان عمله. وربما ترك ما عداه من مواضيع أُخر.
الكتاب يعد قراءة معاصرة في فلسفة التاريخ وتعرية حقيقية لواقع الدراسات التاريخية المعاصرة ويؤكد أن الماضي ليس صندوقاً مغلقاً، ولا تحفة خاملة في زاوية متحف مهجور، الماضي كتاب مفتوح ووقود فاعل في حراك الحاضر وأهداف المستقبل. ولن يكون للمؤرخ دور في زمنه الذي يعيشه، إذا لم يتناول تخصصه بمنهج جديد، ورؤى جديدة، وعين فاحصة، ويد صانع، وعليه فوق هذا أن يردم الفجوة الكبيرة التي ارتضاها لنفسه بين الماضي والحاضر، كيف يقوم بردم الفجوة. الأمر بسيط يبدأ من استعمال اللغة التي هي لغة العلوم، ومصطلحات اليوم. ثم عليه أن ينظر في كل قضية حدثت في الماضي، بعد توثيقها وتحليلها وتفكيكها وربطها بأخريات من أمثالها، عليه أن يبين ما فائدة عمله هذا بمعاش اليوم. وهو ما نسميه بدروس التاريخ. فإن لم يفعل أصبح مثل الذي يشخص المرض ثم لا يصف الدواء. والناس اليوم تريد التشخيص وتريد العلاج.
على أن آخرين قد يرون في هذا الحديث قتلاً للتخصص الدقيق. أو كما قال بعضهم عولمة التخصصات. ولكن ما الضير في عولمة العلوم والتخصصات والمناهج. لقد ران علينا زمن لا نعرف إلا التخصص الدقيق، ثم أخذنا في تضييق الدقيق هذا، حتى أصبح مثل سم الخياط، فضاق علينا، وضاق على غيرنا. وزهد فينا الناس، وقالوا فينا وفي التاريخ الأقاويل.
بيد أن الحقيقة التي يكشفها المؤرخ قاسم عبده قاسم: هي أن علاقة الإنسان بالتاريخ في كل الثقافات وفي كل الحضارات، علاقة واحدة: فالإنسان يصنع تاريخه كما أنه صنيعة التاريخ الذي يمثل تراثه، ويشكل عاداته وتقاليده، كما أنه قاعدة وجوده الآني والمستقبلي يصدق هذا على الفكر الإغريقي والروماني، كما يصدق على الفكر العربي الإسلامي في عصور السيادة الإسلامية، ويصدق على العصور القديمة مثلما يصدق على الحال في العالم المعاصر أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين.
ولأن ما يحمله مستقبل الإنسان يتوه في ضبابية الاحتمالات والتوقعات، لأن ما حدث في مجال التدخل في الخصائص البيولوجية، واكتشاف خريطة الجينات البشرية، واحتمالات تطبيق ما تم في مجال الاستنساخ على الإنسان، يجعل المستقبل حافلاً باحتمالات لا يمكن توقعها، ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن شكل العلاقات الدولية، وتطورات المفاهيم الاقتصادية والأنساق والعلاقات الاجتماعية، يمكن أن يشكل المستقبل على نحو غير متوقع وغير مسبوق في تاريخ البشرية. كذلك فإن علاقة الإنسان بالبيئة التي يعيش في رحابها قد تغير من شكلها، ومن أنشطة البشر حفاظاً على البيئة التي صارت هاجساً من هواجس الحاضر والمستقبل. من هنا يقول قاسم عبده قاسم: «إن لهذه الأسباب جميعاً لا يستطيع أحد أن يتكهن بمسار سفينة رحلة «تاريخ التاريخ» في المستقبل القريب أو المستقبل البعيد!!
السبب في ذلك انها رحلة لم تصل الى غايتها، بل انها لن تصل الى هذه الغاية سوى بعد أن تصل رحلة الإنسان - التي لم تتم عبر الزمان - الى غايتها. وعندها لن يكون هناك معنى لاستمرار رحلة «تاريخ التاريخ»... لأنه ليس هناك «تاريخ» من دون «إنسان».
ويختتم المؤرخ قاسم عبده قاسم كتابه بتوجيه الدعوة الى الباحثين والمؤرخين الذين يصرون على تقديم التاريخ في القوالب القديمة الجامدة بضرورة أن يدركوا أنهم يطرحون نوعاً من البضاعة في سوق لا تريدها، وعليهم أن يقدموا بضاعتهم في الشكل الذي يناسب العصر، وبالأسلوب الذي يفضله المستهلك مع الاحتفاظ بأصول البحث العلمي قاعدة لكل هذه المحاولات. لقد مرت مهنة المؤرخين بأزمات كثيرة في تاريخها بحسب ما يكشف هذا الكتاب، ولكنها كانت باستمرار تطور نفسها من خلال منهج البحث التاريخي وأنماط الكتابة التاريخية ويحسن بنا الآن أن نتحدث عن «أنماط المعرفة التاريخية» بدلاً من الحديث عن «أنماط الكتابة التاريخية»، لأن التاريخ لم يعد رهن الكتابة وحدها. عمل رغم تخصصه الدقيق يضمن المتعة حتى لغير المتخصصين.
* كاتب مصري
CATATAN TTG PERJANJIAN NABI DGN KRISTEN KOPTIK MESIR
أضواء على العهد المنسوب الى النبي والموجه الى رهبان سيناء
السبت, 15 أغسطس 2009
عبدالحميد ناصف
عند الفتح العربي لمصر، لم تصطدم جيوش المسلمين الظافرة بأي حركة مقاومة من جانب الهيئة الوحيدة المنظمة التي كان يعمل حسابها في تلك البقاع الوعرة ألا وهو دير سانت كاترين، وقد كانت سيناء، وما زالت عند العرب المسلمين منطقة مقدسة حينما ذكرها في القرآن الكريم. وفي نحو عام 621 كان الاسراء والمعراج لسيدنا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) الذي وقف به الملاك جبريل عند جبل سيناء.
أما عن وجود العرب في سيناء، فيرى البعض أن ذلك يرجع الى زمن الامبراطور جوستينيان أوائل القرن السادس الميلادي حيث وجد المؤرخ الراحل نعوم شقير في أحد أدراج مكتبة سيناء ما يفيد بأن الأعراب من بني اسماعيل كانوا يعيشون في تلك المنطقة قبل بناء الدير، ومن أقدم القبائل الأصلية التي بقي أثرها في شبه الجزيرة بعد فتح العرب لها: قبائل الحماضة، والتبنة، والموطرة، وقبيلة العايد التي عهدت اليهما الحكومة المصرية قديماً حراسة المحمل الشريف من مصر الى العقبة، كما ورد ذكرهم في كتاب «الأم» المحفوظ بالدير. حيث كان لهم الاشراف على قبائل الطور ورهبان دير سيناء في بيت شيخهم بشأن تاجير الإبل وتأمين الطرق.
وهناك أيضاً قبيلة بني واصل التي أجمع الثقات في سيناء على أنها من بني عقبة من عرب الحجاز، وأن افرادها هاجروا الى بلاد الطور واقتسموا البلاد مع قبيلة الحماضة كما قرأ شقير ذكراً لبني واصل وقبيلة النفيعات في كتاب الأم. ويمكن القول بأن تاريخ الدير مع الحكّام المسلمين كان غالباً لصالح الرهبان فهو يحظى بمكانه مرموقة ومركز ممتاز، وليس أدل على ذلك من حرص الرسول العربي نبينا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) أن يعطي للرهبان عهداً بالأمان وذلك منذ وطئت قدماه الكريمتان حدود سيناء في آيلة .«ايلات» عند زيارته لتبوك
وقد كانت مسألة عهد النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) مثار خلافات بين المؤرخين الذين تصدوا لها بين مؤيد للعهد وآخر ينفى هذا العهد جملة وتفصيلاً. فالمستر بازيلي يؤكد مكافأة الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) للرهبان أثناء زيارته للدير على حسن ضيافتهم له ومنحهم هذا الأمان. وقد نادى المؤرخ عزيز سوريال عطية بالرأي نفسه حين قال إنه مع اعطاء محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) توقيعه على العهد انضم لها كل المسلمين المخلصين ليحموا الدير ورهبانه.
وكذلك يؤيد السيد رابينو صحة هذا العهد ويسميه بالعقد نامة، كما تؤكد السيدة دبسون أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى الدير خطاب حمايته ووقعه بنفسه بعلامة سوداء أو ببصمة سوداء حيث أنه لا يستطيع الكتابة، أما Lina Ecanstein فتفترض أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى هذا الأمان للرهبان.
ويقول المستعرب الروسي بيرمنوف أن مطران سيناء قسطنديوس في كتابه عن مصر والمطبوع في أربعينات القرن التاسع عشر أن محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) رد جميل حسن الضيافة للرهبان بمنحهم في اليوم الثالث من محرم سنة 624م صك الأمان وأن النص كان محفوراً على جلد غزال بخط كوفي ممهور ببصمة يد محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) وتوقيع 21 شاهداً. ومن المهم أن ننوه بأن الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية قد تذرعت بهذه الوثيقة عام 1810م في نضالها لاستعادة حقوقها في ضريح السيد المسيح في القدس حيث قرئت بشكل احتفالي مهيب لإثبات حقوق أتباع المذهب الأرثوذكسي وامتيازاتهم.
ونود القول بأنه لو ثبت حقاً أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى هذا العهد فإنه أعطاه للمسيحيين جميعاً وليس لطائفة بعينها.
من ناحية أخرى، ينفي بعض المؤرخين صحة هذا الموضوع، فأسد رستم عند حديثه عن الرسائل التي بعثها سيدنا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) للأمراء والأباطرة المحيطين بالجزيرة العربية لم يذكر هذا العهد والشيء نفسه بالنسبة الى حميد الله الحيدبادي وأحمد زكي باشا شيخ العروبة. وحجة المعارضين هنا أن لغة العهد تختلف عن لغة عصر النبي ففيها من التراكيب والألفاظ ما لم يكن مألوفاً في ذلك العصر.
إضافة الى أن الوثيقة مؤرخة في السنة الثانية للهجرة مع أن الهجرة لم يؤرخ لها إلا بعد السنة الـ 18 أي بعد وفاة الرسول بسبع سنوات. وفضلاً عن ذلك أن بعض الشهود المذكورين في نهاية الوثيقة مثل أبي هريرة، وأبى الدرداء لم يكونوا قد أسلموا بعد في السنة الثانية للهجرة. وأخيراً فإن مؤرخي الإسلام لم يذكروا هذه الوثيقة ولم يأتوا بأي اشارة تدل عليها.
وفي ضوء ذلك فإن من المعتقد أن الرهبان لا يدعون أن هذه العهدة هي الأصل الذي صور عن النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) ولا صورة طبق الأصل. بل هي الصورة التي أعطيت لهم بعد أخذ العهد منهم، كما أن ثاني سنة للهجرة ليس لها تاريخ أصلاً بل أن العهدة التي في أيدينا تذكر ان الأصل أعطي في ثاني سني الهجرة والظاهر أنه ثامن - على حد قول شقير - لا ثاني سني الهجرة فحرفة النساخ، ومثل هذا التحريف وارد ولا سيما أن النساخ كانوا من الأعاجم - وعلينا أن نتذكر أن رهبان الدير كانوا في غالبيتهم من الأروام وهم الذين يجيدون الكتابة - وأخيراً فإن عدم ذكر أحد المؤرخين، للأصل لا يطعن بصحته وإن كان «المقريزي» في كتابه «القول الابريزي» الذي جمعه مينا اسكندر ودوّن فيه ما يخص بالقبط مما كتبه المقريزي في خططه وطبعه في القاهرة عام 1898م. قد أورد نص هذا العقد، ونحن من جانبنا لا نستبعد صحة هذا العهد أو صحة الأصل المفقود لأن هذا العهد لا يخرج في مضمونه عن مآثر ومعاني الاسلام السمحة، كما أن المؤرخ أبي سعد يذكر أن الرسول قد أرسل كتاباً في السنة السابقة من الهجرة الى الأسقف يدعوه للاسلام ونحن لا نعرف بالضبط ما اذا كان هذا الاسقف هو أسقف دير سانت كاترين أو أي رئيس ديني آخر. ومن المرجح أن يكون رهبان سيناء قد طلبوا تأكيد الأمان والعهد من عمر بن العاص بعد أن اجتاز رفح أول حدود مصر الشرقية. ويبدو أن طائفة الأرمن في القدس يوجد لديها عهد آخر تزعم أنه لصحالها من قبل النبي محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) وإن كنا نعتقد أنه وضع خصيصاً لحماية مصالح الطائفة.
السبت, 15 أغسطس 2009
عبدالحميد ناصف
عند الفتح العربي لمصر، لم تصطدم جيوش المسلمين الظافرة بأي حركة مقاومة من جانب الهيئة الوحيدة المنظمة التي كان يعمل حسابها في تلك البقاع الوعرة ألا وهو دير سانت كاترين، وقد كانت سيناء، وما زالت عند العرب المسلمين منطقة مقدسة حينما ذكرها في القرآن الكريم. وفي نحو عام 621 كان الاسراء والمعراج لسيدنا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) الذي وقف به الملاك جبريل عند جبل سيناء.
أما عن وجود العرب في سيناء، فيرى البعض أن ذلك يرجع الى زمن الامبراطور جوستينيان أوائل القرن السادس الميلادي حيث وجد المؤرخ الراحل نعوم شقير في أحد أدراج مكتبة سيناء ما يفيد بأن الأعراب من بني اسماعيل كانوا يعيشون في تلك المنطقة قبل بناء الدير، ومن أقدم القبائل الأصلية التي بقي أثرها في شبه الجزيرة بعد فتح العرب لها: قبائل الحماضة، والتبنة، والموطرة، وقبيلة العايد التي عهدت اليهما الحكومة المصرية قديماً حراسة المحمل الشريف من مصر الى العقبة، كما ورد ذكرهم في كتاب «الأم» المحفوظ بالدير. حيث كان لهم الاشراف على قبائل الطور ورهبان دير سيناء في بيت شيخهم بشأن تاجير الإبل وتأمين الطرق.
وهناك أيضاً قبيلة بني واصل التي أجمع الثقات في سيناء على أنها من بني عقبة من عرب الحجاز، وأن افرادها هاجروا الى بلاد الطور واقتسموا البلاد مع قبيلة الحماضة كما قرأ شقير ذكراً لبني واصل وقبيلة النفيعات في كتاب الأم. ويمكن القول بأن تاريخ الدير مع الحكّام المسلمين كان غالباً لصالح الرهبان فهو يحظى بمكانه مرموقة ومركز ممتاز، وليس أدل على ذلك من حرص الرسول العربي نبينا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) أن يعطي للرهبان عهداً بالأمان وذلك منذ وطئت قدماه الكريمتان حدود سيناء في آيلة .«ايلات» عند زيارته لتبوك
وقد كانت مسألة عهد النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) مثار خلافات بين المؤرخين الذين تصدوا لها بين مؤيد للعهد وآخر ينفى هذا العهد جملة وتفصيلاً. فالمستر بازيلي يؤكد مكافأة الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) للرهبان أثناء زيارته للدير على حسن ضيافتهم له ومنحهم هذا الأمان. وقد نادى المؤرخ عزيز سوريال عطية بالرأي نفسه حين قال إنه مع اعطاء محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) توقيعه على العهد انضم لها كل المسلمين المخلصين ليحموا الدير ورهبانه.
وكذلك يؤيد السيد رابينو صحة هذا العهد ويسميه بالعقد نامة، كما تؤكد السيدة دبسون أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى الدير خطاب حمايته ووقعه بنفسه بعلامة سوداء أو ببصمة سوداء حيث أنه لا يستطيع الكتابة، أما Lina Ecanstein فتفترض أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى هذا الأمان للرهبان.
ويقول المستعرب الروسي بيرمنوف أن مطران سيناء قسطنديوس في كتابه عن مصر والمطبوع في أربعينات القرن التاسع عشر أن محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) رد جميل حسن الضيافة للرهبان بمنحهم في اليوم الثالث من محرم سنة 624م صك الأمان وأن النص كان محفوراً على جلد غزال بخط كوفي ممهور ببصمة يد محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) وتوقيع 21 شاهداً. ومن المهم أن ننوه بأن الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية قد تذرعت بهذه الوثيقة عام 1810م في نضالها لاستعادة حقوقها في ضريح السيد المسيح في القدس حيث قرئت بشكل احتفالي مهيب لإثبات حقوق أتباع المذهب الأرثوذكسي وامتيازاتهم.
ونود القول بأنه لو ثبت حقاً أن الرسول (صلى الله عليه وسلم) قد أعطى هذا العهد فإنه أعطاه للمسيحيين جميعاً وليس لطائفة بعينها.
من ناحية أخرى، ينفي بعض المؤرخين صحة هذا الموضوع، فأسد رستم عند حديثه عن الرسائل التي بعثها سيدنا محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) للأمراء والأباطرة المحيطين بالجزيرة العربية لم يذكر هذا العهد والشيء نفسه بالنسبة الى حميد الله الحيدبادي وأحمد زكي باشا شيخ العروبة. وحجة المعارضين هنا أن لغة العهد تختلف عن لغة عصر النبي ففيها من التراكيب والألفاظ ما لم يكن مألوفاً في ذلك العصر.
إضافة الى أن الوثيقة مؤرخة في السنة الثانية للهجرة مع أن الهجرة لم يؤرخ لها إلا بعد السنة الـ 18 أي بعد وفاة الرسول بسبع سنوات. وفضلاً عن ذلك أن بعض الشهود المذكورين في نهاية الوثيقة مثل أبي هريرة، وأبى الدرداء لم يكونوا قد أسلموا بعد في السنة الثانية للهجرة. وأخيراً فإن مؤرخي الإسلام لم يذكروا هذه الوثيقة ولم يأتوا بأي اشارة تدل عليها.
وفي ضوء ذلك فإن من المعتقد أن الرهبان لا يدعون أن هذه العهدة هي الأصل الذي صور عن النبي (صلى الله عليه وسلم) ولا صورة طبق الأصل. بل هي الصورة التي أعطيت لهم بعد أخذ العهد منهم، كما أن ثاني سنة للهجرة ليس لها تاريخ أصلاً بل أن العهدة التي في أيدينا تذكر ان الأصل أعطي في ثاني سني الهجرة والظاهر أنه ثامن - على حد قول شقير - لا ثاني سني الهجرة فحرفة النساخ، ومثل هذا التحريف وارد ولا سيما أن النساخ كانوا من الأعاجم - وعلينا أن نتذكر أن رهبان الدير كانوا في غالبيتهم من الأروام وهم الذين يجيدون الكتابة - وأخيراً فإن عدم ذكر أحد المؤرخين، للأصل لا يطعن بصحته وإن كان «المقريزي» في كتابه «القول الابريزي» الذي جمعه مينا اسكندر ودوّن فيه ما يخص بالقبط مما كتبه المقريزي في خططه وطبعه في القاهرة عام 1898م. قد أورد نص هذا العقد، ونحن من جانبنا لا نستبعد صحة هذا العهد أو صحة الأصل المفقود لأن هذا العهد لا يخرج في مضمونه عن مآثر ومعاني الاسلام السمحة، كما أن المؤرخ أبي سعد يذكر أن الرسول قد أرسل كتاباً في السنة السابقة من الهجرة الى الأسقف يدعوه للاسلام ونحن لا نعرف بالضبط ما اذا كان هذا الاسقف هو أسقف دير سانت كاترين أو أي رئيس ديني آخر. ومن المرجح أن يكون رهبان سيناء قد طلبوا تأكيد الأمان والعهد من عمر بن العاص بعد أن اجتاز رفح أول حدود مصر الشرقية. ويبدو أن طائفة الأرمن في القدس يوجد لديها عهد آخر تزعم أنه لصحالها من قبل النبي محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) وإن كنا نعتقد أنه وضع خصيصاً لحماية مصالح الطائفة.
JIHAD: BUKAN MATI FI SABILILLAH, TAPI HIDUP FI SABILILLAH
Gamal Al-Banna: Jihad, bukan berarti mati fi sabilillah. Tapi hidup fi sabilillah.
Penulis dan Pemikir Islam asal Mesir, adik kandung pendiri Ikhwan Muslimin, Ust. Gamal Al-Banna (89 tahun) membuat kegemparan baru yang mengejutkan dengan menolak bahwa jihad sebagai bab untuk menyebarkan akidah Islam dimana dia melihat hal tersebut bersinggungan dengan kebebasan orang lain dalam berkeyakinan (agama). Ust. Al-Banna menegaskan bahwa jihad Islam yang diperlukan saat ini bukan berarti perang, akan tetapi bangkit dari keterbelakangan, kemunduran, kejumudan, kemiskinan, kebodohan dsb., dan berjuang untuk maju dengan mempergunakan media kehidupan (taskhir) di dunia Islam. Hal ini berarti adanya pergeseran paradigm dalam pengertian jihad. Maka makna jihad menjadi ber’jihad’ dalam meraih kehidupan dengan penuh kemuliaan, dedikasi, pengabdian. Bukan mati dalam bom bunuh diri.
Ust. Al-Banna mengatakan dalam bukunya (Al-Jihad), bahwa jihad saat ini bukannya mati fi sabilillah. Akan tetapi hidup fi sabilillah. Dia mengambil contoh bahwa jihad pada zaman Nabi dan para khalifah di masa awal Islam ditujukan kepada kaisar, Kisra (system kerajaan dan dinasti) dan model kapitalisme yang memperbudak rakyat. Jihad pada abad lalu untuk mengembalikan kebebasan politik dan mengenyahkan penjajah. Simbol jihad pada zaman dulu adalah ‘siapa yang membaiat saya mati fi sabillah’, saat ini simbolnya adalah ‘siapa yang membait saya hidup fi sabilillah’. Dia menegaskan bahwa makna jihad salah difahami pada masa lalu maupun sekarang. Bahwa Jihad yang benar yang dikehendaki oleh agama Islam adalah bergerak pada pembangunan kepada ‘pertempuran menuju peradaban’, bangkit dengan produktifitas dan menegakkan keadilan dibawah panji jihad suci. Lebih lanjut Ust. Gamal mengatakan apabila akidah itu bersifat ‘tetap’, baku, maka syariah itu berkembang, berubah dan berkelindan karena diusung untuk suatu kemaslahatan atau hikmah atau sebab (kasus). Sudah sering kali dirinya mengatakan bahwa pemikiran Islam tidak dapat melampaui tantangan besar yaitu pemikiran salafi yang telah diletakkan oleh para Imam besar sejak seribu tahun lalu. Dia menambahkan mereka adalah para imam spektakuler dan mukhlis serta mukmin. Namun mereka bukan malaikat. Mereka berada pada masa sulit saat itu, sehingga tidak ada alasan bagi kita untuk mengkultuskannya terhadap formula hukum-hukum yang dikembangkannya.
Penulis dan Pemikir Islam asal Mesir, adik kandung pendiri Ikhwan Muslimin, Ust. Gamal Al-Banna (89 tahun) membuat kegemparan baru yang mengejutkan dengan menolak bahwa jihad sebagai bab untuk menyebarkan akidah Islam dimana dia melihat hal tersebut bersinggungan dengan kebebasan orang lain dalam berkeyakinan (agama). Ust. Al-Banna menegaskan bahwa jihad Islam yang diperlukan saat ini bukan berarti perang, akan tetapi bangkit dari keterbelakangan, kemunduran, kejumudan, kemiskinan, kebodohan dsb., dan berjuang untuk maju dengan mempergunakan media kehidupan (taskhir) di dunia Islam. Hal ini berarti adanya pergeseran paradigm dalam pengertian jihad. Maka makna jihad menjadi ber’jihad’ dalam meraih kehidupan dengan penuh kemuliaan, dedikasi, pengabdian. Bukan mati dalam bom bunuh diri.
Ust. Al-Banna mengatakan dalam bukunya (Al-Jihad), bahwa jihad saat ini bukannya mati fi sabilillah. Akan tetapi hidup fi sabilillah. Dia mengambil contoh bahwa jihad pada zaman Nabi dan para khalifah di masa awal Islam ditujukan kepada kaisar, Kisra (system kerajaan dan dinasti) dan model kapitalisme yang memperbudak rakyat. Jihad pada abad lalu untuk mengembalikan kebebasan politik dan mengenyahkan penjajah. Simbol jihad pada zaman dulu adalah ‘siapa yang membaiat saya mati fi sabillah’, saat ini simbolnya adalah ‘siapa yang membait saya hidup fi sabilillah’. Dia menegaskan bahwa makna jihad salah difahami pada masa lalu maupun sekarang. Bahwa Jihad yang benar yang dikehendaki oleh agama Islam adalah bergerak pada pembangunan kepada ‘pertempuran menuju peradaban’, bangkit dengan produktifitas dan menegakkan keadilan dibawah panji jihad suci. Lebih lanjut Ust. Gamal mengatakan apabila akidah itu bersifat ‘tetap’, baku, maka syariah itu berkembang, berubah dan berkelindan karena diusung untuk suatu kemaslahatan atau hikmah atau sebab (kasus). Sudah sering kali dirinya mengatakan bahwa pemikiran Islam tidak dapat melampaui tantangan besar yaitu pemikiran salafi yang telah diletakkan oleh para Imam besar sejak seribu tahun lalu. Dia menambahkan mereka adalah para imam spektakuler dan mukhlis serta mukmin. Namun mereka bukan malaikat. Mereka berada pada masa sulit saat itu, sehingga tidak ada alasan bagi kita untuk mengkultuskannya terhadap formula hukum-hukum yang dikembangkannya.
Sabtu, Maret 07, 2009
CINA MELUMAT HABIS AFRIKA
CINA MELUMAT AFRIKA
Kunjungan Presiden Cina, Hu Jin Tao Ke Afrika belum lama ini mengisyaratkan ’tagalgul’ dan pelalangbuanaan Cina di benua hitam tersebut dengan lebih kencang dan penetrasi lebih dalam tanpa gembar gembor. Pepatah Cina mengatakan, ’untuk mengambil harus tahu memberi’. Nampaknya pepatah sederhana ini telah berubah menjadi ’ penyemangat’ dalam mekanisme ekonomi Cina yang melompat menjadi propaganda yang dikampanyekan dalam perang ekonomi dilakukan dengan menggebu-gebu, dan jauh dari hingar bingar media setempat di Afrika, dimana pada waktu belum terlalu lama masih menjadi ’surga’ bagi Perancis dimana sebelumnya Inggris lebih menguasai pada masa pasca penjajahan fisik.
Di bawah bayangan krisis keuanan global, Cina tetap dan terus menggempur gurun pasir dan padang tandus Afrika, seolah-olah krisis keuangan global tidak terasa dan tidak ada. Buktinya, Presiden Hu Jin Tao melanglang buana memulai perjalannya ke Afrika, dimulai dari Senegal di ujung Barat, Mali di tengah, Tanzania dan Kepulauan Mourisius di Timur, dimana negara-negara tersebut memainkan peranan cukup penting dalam percaturan politik, ekonomi tradisonal dan sejarah - dalam dekade penjajahan Perancis dulu -dan sekarang menjadi negara demokrati. Apakah Cina akan menggantikan peran Perancis di Afrika yang sekarang telah mengendur perannya? Apakah Cina telah mendapatkan sumber-sumber ’harta karun’ Afrika – bahwa kendurnya Perancis di Afrika karena alasan-alasan ekonomi dan politis dan sekarang saatnya untuk memotong jalan dan membegalnya dengan tidak memberikan kesempatan bagi Perancis untuk kembali lagi ke Afrika?
Kendati Menlu Cina telah menegaskan di awal kunjungan Presiden Hu Jin Tao bahwa hubungan Cina dengan negara-negara Afrika, bukan hanya didasarkan pada kekayaan energi dan ’harta karun’ yang terpendam di perut bumi benua hitam tersebut semata, akan tetapi nilai dan volume investasi Cina di benua Afrika menandakan bahwa kekuatan ekonomi Afrika yang menanjak dengan segala konsekuensinya dan menggantikan posisi Perancis yang semakin jauh dari Afrika - didasarkan pada kepentingan politik Cina yang cerdas, smooth dan seimbang yang tidak dilepaskan dari iming-iming kepada para penguasa Afrika, termasuk mereka juga menolak intervensi asing terhadap masalah dalam negeri mereka. Hal ini berbeda dengan pola yang dilakukan Perancis terhadap negara-negara Arika khususnya, dan negara-negara Eropa pada umumnya, yang lebih mengetengahkan dan mempersoalkan – sesuai dengan maslahat dan kepentingan mereka dengan menggunakan tohoan masalah ’HAM’ sebagai tongkat dan cambuk - sebagai syarat diantara syarat-syarat investasi dan berinteraksi dengan penguasa Afrika yang ada.
Cina – disamping hal diatas – juga menguasai politik dan ekonomi benua Afrika yang saling menguntungkan (naf’iyyah). Kullu hammiha adalah mengadakan bagaimana mengadakan kontrak investasi jangka panjang (long investment) yang menggunakan semua mekanisme untuk mensukseskan tujuannya. Cina membangun infrastruktur dikawasan benua hitam tersebut seperti jalan raya sebagai jantung transportasi, jembatan, rumah sakit, membenahi lembaga-lembaga pemerintah dalam mengeimplementasikan saling mendapatkan manfaat yang akhirnya menjamin keuntungan yang sangat besar dalam jangka panjang (Politik mengambil hati).
Fleksibilitas Cina dalam mengadakan kerjasama dan hubungan dengan pemerintah Afrika, dimana mayoritas penguasa Afrika naik ke kekuasaan biasanya dengan jalan kekeraan seperti kudeta militer atau konflik etnis yang berkepanjangan – yang oleh masyarakat internasional dipandang dengan kacamata ’geram’, sehingga negara-negara Afrika bersedia melakukan investasi besar-besaran dengan Cina dan menganggapnya sebagai mitra yang dipercaya, karena persoalan tadi bahwa Cina tidak mencapuri urusan dalam negeri mereka (Afrika).
Cina memperlakukan Afrika sesuai dengan konsep strategi ekonomi yang ’milestone’nya sudah diagendakan pada KTT Cina-Afrika di Beijing Nopember 2006; lalu dari KTT tersebut muncul strategi dan taktik implementasi yang dilempar untuk mewujudkan beberapa sasaran dan target jangka pendek selama 3 tahun ke depan. Taktik ini didasarkan pada paradigma bagaimana ’menyabet’ dan menyapu semua harta karun ’Afrika’ melalui dukungan yang berlipat ganda kepada negara-negara Afrika dan menghapus hutang mereka sebanyak 168 buah hutang yang tersebar di 33 negara Afrika. Berkat sytrategi yang diterapkan tersebut, Cina telah berhasil melakukan kontrak dan kesepakatan dengan 48 buah negara Afrika dari 53 buah negara di benua Afrika (hanya 5 negara saja yang belum dirambah) dan berambisi pencapaian volume dan nilai perdagangannya sebesar USD $ 1 miliar, sehingga menjadi investor terbesar di Afrika dalam bidang infrastruktur.
Di Senegal, misalnya Cina masuk dalam industri baja (besi), fosfat dan emas. Group Henan telah memenangkan kontrak dalam pembangunan proyek jalan raya, jembatan dan bendungan (sungai); sedangkan perusahaan telcom Cina, Huawei co menguasai sektor telekomunikasi dan wireless di seluruh benua Afrika, disamping masuk dalam produksi minyak Senegal yang produksinya sudah mencapai 1 miliar barel. (Catatan: Libyan Telcom and Technology (LTT) telah melakukan kontrak dalam pengembangan jasa telkom di Libya dan mengembangkan WIMAX dalam bidang telekomunikasi dengan prusahaan Cina Huawei).
Di Mali, emas menjadi ‘garapan’ Cina, dimana Mali sebagai produsen emas terbesar ketiga di Afrika sesudah Afrika Selatan dan Ghana. Walaupun investasi di bidang ini biasanya dilakukan oleh Afrika Selatan dan Canada, sesungguhnya Cina sudah menancapkan kukunya lebih cepat dan mengambil harta karun serta kekayaan Mali hanya soal waktu saja, karena sesungguhnya Cina membiayai proyek besar produksi gula di Selatan negara tersebut setelah membuat proyek lain yaitu pabrik pemintalan dan produksi pakaian jadi yang siap ekspor.
Di Tanzania, Cina bisa meyakinkan pemerintah Tanzania untuk mengolah lahan sawah seluas 330 Ha untuk memproduksi padi dengan nilai investasi sebesar USD $ 143 juta. Cina mengharapkan dari proyek ini sebagai sumber jaminan ketahanan pangan baru Cina, dan selanjutnya Cina akan membuat 15 buah proyek serupa di Afrika. Cina juga tidak membiarkan garis pantai Afrika Timur sepanjang 2300 km yang potensial terbengkalai begitu saja. Oleh karena itu Cina meningkatkan investasinya di Kepulauan Mourisius, dimana perusahaan Cina, Group Tian Li menginvestasikan dana sebesar USD $ 500 juta untuk membangun (markab shina’i) raksasa dengan bekerjasama dengan 40 perusahaan Cina lainnya dari berbagai bidang.
Statistik mengatakan bahwa Cina sudah ‘menelan’ hampir seluruh benua Afrika dari berbagai penjuru, Utara, Selatan, Timur dan Barat. Sehingga tidak ada lagi negara lain yang bisa menandinginya sesudah Afrifa menjadi ‘traktor’ yang menjamin ketahangan pangan bagi Cina dan menjadi komoditas utama gudangnya. Cina telah menginvestasikan dana di Al-Jazair sebesar 812 juta euro, di Sudan sebesar 15 miliar euro, di Chad sebesar 530 juta euro, Niger sebesar 330 juta euro dan di Guinea sebesar 69 juta euro. Meninjau besarnya volume investasi Cina di benua Afrika, bisa dikatakan bahwa benua Afrika di masa mendatang akan berbicara bahasa Cina dengan lancar (hahaha...) apabila Afrika tidak mempunyai bahasa kedua (2nd languages), kendati media massa masih fokus pada konflik (berebut pengaruh) antara AS dan Perancis di benua hitam tersebut. Akan tetapi ‘fakta dan data’ yang ada di depan mata menegaskan bahwa konflik tersebut telah masuk ke dalam ‘buku sejarah’ dan Cina buktinya telah menjadi kekuatan ekonomi yang menancap dalam di benua hitam tersebut. Bahkan dengan cara yang cerdas dan smooth tanpa gembar-gembor ‘dentuman bom dan kapal perang, juga tanpa mencari pangkalan militer kecuali hanya mencari yang mengenyangkan perut dan kantong, Cina sudah lbih dulu melahap ‘makanan’ isi perut benua Afrika.
Mohamed Saleh Majid,
Al-Arab Int., 17 Februari 2009.
Kunjungan Presiden Cina, Hu Jin Tao Ke Afrika belum lama ini mengisyaratkan ’tagalgul’ dan pelalangbuanaan Cina di benua hitam tersebut dengan lebih kencang dan penetrasi lebih dalam tanpa gembar gembor. Pepatah Cina mengatakan, ’untuk mengambil harus tahu memberi’. Nampaknya pepatah sederhana ini telah berubah menjadi ’ penyemangat’ dalam mekanisme ekonomi Cina yang melompat menjadi propaganda yang dikampanyekan dalam perang ekonomi dilakukan dengan menggebu-gebu, dan jauh dari hingar bingar media setempat di Afrika, dimana pada waktu belum terlalu lama masih menjadi ’surga’ bagi Perancis dimana sebelumnya Inggris lebih menguasai pada masa pasca penjajahan fisik.
Di bawah bayangan krisis keuanan global, Cina tetap dan terus menggempur gurun pasir dan padang tandus Afrika, seolah-olah krisis keuangan global tidak terasa dan tidak ada. Buktinya, Presiden Hu Jin Tao melanglang buana memulai perjalannya ke Afrika, dimulai dari Senegal di ujung Barat, Mali di tengah, Tanzania dan Kepulauan Mourisius di Timur, dimana negara-negara tersebut memainkan peranan cukup penting dalam percaturan politik, ekonomi tradisonal dan sejarah - dalam dekade penjajahan Perancis dulu -dan sekarang menjadi negara demokrati. Apakah Cina akan menggantikan peran Perancis di Afrika yang sekarang telah mengendur perannya? Apakah Cina telah mendapatkan sumber-sumber ’harta karun’ Afrika – bahwa kendurnya Perancis di Afrika karena alasan-alasan ekonomi dan politis dan sekarang saatnya untuk memotong jalan dan membegalnya dengan tidak memberikan kesempatan bagi Perancis untuk kembali lagi ke Afrika?
Kendati Menlu Cina telah menegaskan di awal kunjungan Presiden Hu Jin Tao bahwa hubungan Cina dengan negara-negara Afrika, bukan hanya didasarkan pada kekayaan energi dan ’harta karun’ yang terpendam di perut bumi benua hitam tersebut semata, akan tetapi nilai dan volume investasi Cina di benua Afrika menandakan bahwa kekuatan ekonomi Afrika yang menanjak dengan segala konsekuensinya dan menggantikan posisi Perancis yang semakin jauh dari Afrika - didasarkan pada kepentingan politik Cina yang cerdas, smooth dan seimbang yang tidak dilepaskan dari iming-iming kepada para penguasa Afrika, termasuk mereka juga menolak intervensi asing terhadap masalah dalam negeri mereka. Hal ini berbeda dengan pola yang dilakukan Perancis terhadap negara-negara Arika khususnya, dan negara-negara Eropa pada umumnya, yang lebih mengetengahkan dan mempersoalkan – sesuai dengan maslahat dan kepentingan mereka dengan menggunakan tohoan masalah ’HAM’ sebagai tongkat dan cambuk - sebagai syarat diantara syarat-syarat investasi dan berinteraksi dengan penguasa Afrika yang ada.
Cina – disamping hal diatas – juga menguasai politik dan ekonomi benua Afrika yang saling menguntungkan (naf’iyyah). Kullu hammiha adalah mengadakan bagaimana mengadakan kontrak investasi jangka panjang (long investment) yang menggunakan semua mekanisme untuk mensukseskan tujuannya. Cina membangun infrastruktur dikawasan benua hitam tersebut seperti jalan raya sebagai jantung transportasi, jembatan, rumah sakit, membenahi lembaga-lembaga pemerintah dalam mengeimplementasikan saling mendapatkan manfaat yang akhirnya menjamin keuntungan yang sangat besar dalam jangka panjang (Politik mengambil hati).
Fleksibilitas Cina dalam mengadakan kerjasama dan hubungan dengan pemerintah Afrika, dimana mayoritas penguasa Afrika naik ke kekuasaan biasanya dengan jalan kekeraan seperti kudeta militer atau konflik etnis yang berkepanjangan – yang oleh masyarakat internasional dipandang dengan kacamata ’geram’, sehingga negara-negara Afrika bersedia melakukan investasi besar-besaran dengan Cina dan menganggapnya sebagai mitra yang dipercaya, karena persoalan tadi bahwa Cina tidak mencapuri urusan dalam negeri mereka (Afrika).
Cina memperlakukan Afrika sesuai dengan konsep strategi ekonomi yang ’milestone’nya sudah diagendakan pada KTT Cina-Afrika di Beijing Nopember 2006; lalu dari KTT tersebut muncul strategi dan taktik implementasi yang dilempar untuk mewujudkan beberapa sasaran dan target jangka pendek selama 3 tahun ke depan. Taktik ini didasarkan pada paradigma bagaimana ’menyabet’ dan menyapu semua harta karun ’Afrika’ melalui dukungan yang berlipat ganda kepada negara-negara Afrika dan menghapus hutang mereka sebanyak 168 buah hutang yang tersebar di 33 negara Afrika. Berkat sytrategi yang diterapkan tersebut, Cina telah berhasil melakukan kontrak dan kesepakatan dengan 48 buah negara Afrika dari 53 buah negara di benua Afrika (hanya 5 negara saja yang belum dirambah) dan berambisi pencapaian volume dan nilai perdagangannya sebesar USD $ 1 miliar, sehingga menjadi investor terbesar di Afrika dalam bidang infrastruktur.
Di Senegal, misalnya Cina masuk dalam industri baja (besi), fosfat dan emas. Group Henan telah memenangkan kontrak dalam pembangunan proyek jalan raya, jembatan dan bendungan (sungai); sedangkan perusahaan telcom Cina, Huawei co menguasai sektor telekomunikasi dan wireless di seluruh benua Afrika, disamping masuk dalam produksi minyak Senegal yang produksinya sudah mencapai 1 miliar barel. (Catatan: Libyan Telcom and Technology (LTT) telah melakukan kontrak dalam pengembangan jasa telkom di Libya dan mengembangkan WIMAX dalam bidang telekomunikasi dengan prusahaan Cina Huawei).
Di Mali, emas menjadi ‘garapan’ Cina, dimana Mali sebagai produsen emas terbesar ketiga di Afrika sesudah Afrika Selatan dan Ghana. Walaupun investasi di bidang ini biasanya dilakukan oleh Afrika Selatan dan Canada, sesungguhnya Cina sudah menancapkan kukunya lebih cepat dan mengambil harta karun serta kekayaan Mali hanya soal waktu saja, karena sesungguhnya Cina membiayai proyek besar produksi gula di Selatan negara tersebut setelah membuat proyek lain yaitu pabrik pemintalan dan produksi pakaian jadi yang siap ekspor.
Di Tanzania, Cina bisa meyakinkan pemerintah Tanzania untuk mengolah lahan sawah seluas 330 Ha untuk memproduksi padi dengan nilai investasi sebesar USD $ 143 juta. Cina mengharapkan dari proyek ini sebagai sumber jaminan ketahanan pangan baru Cina, dan selanjutnya Cina akan membuat 15 buah proyek serupa di Afrika. Cina juga tidak membiarkan garis pantai Afrika Timur sepanjang 2300 km yang potensial terbengkalai begitu saja. Oleh karena itu Cina meningkatkan investasinya di Kepulauan Mourisius, dimana perusahaan Cina, Group Tian Li menginvestasikan dana sebesar USD $ 500 juta untuk membangun (markab shina’i) raksasa dengan bekerjasama dengan 40 perusahaan Cina lainnya dari berbagai bidang.
Statistik mengatakan bahwa Cina sudah ‘menelan’ hampir seluruh benua Afrika dari berbagai penjuru, Utara, Selatan, Timur dan Barat. Sehingga tidak ada lagi negara lain yang bisa menandinginya sesudah Afrifa menjadi ‘traktor’ yang menjamin ketahangan pangan bagi Cina dan menjadi komoditas utama gudangnya. Cina telah menginvestasikan dana di Al-Jazair sebesar 812 juta euro, di Sudan sebesar 15 miliar euro, di Chad sebesar 530 juta euro, Niger sebesar 330 juta euro dan di Guinea sebesar 69 juta euro. Meninjau besarnya volume investasi Cina di benua Afrika, bisa dikatakan bahwa benua Afrika di masa mendatang akan berbicara bahasa Cina dengan lancar (hahaha...) apabila Afrika tidak mempunyai bahasa kedua (2nd languages), kendati media massa masih fokus pada konflik (berebut pengaruh) antara AS dan Perancis di benua hitam tersebut. Akan tetapi ‘fakta dan data’ yang ada di depan mata menegaskan bahwa konflik tersebut telah masuk ke dalam ‘buku sejarah’ dan Cina buktinya telah menjadi kekuatan ekonomi yang menancap dalam di benua hitam tersebut. Bahkan dengan cara yang cerdas dan smooth tanpa gembar-gembor ‘dentuman bom dan kapal perang, juga tanpa mencari pangkalan militer kecuali hanya mencari yang mengenyangkan perut dan kantong, Cina sudah lbih dulu melahap ‘makanan’ isi perut benua Afrika.
Mohamed Saleh Majid,
Al-Arab Int., 17 Februari 2009.
Rabu, Maret 04, 2009
100 TAHUN KELAHIRAN PENYAIR LIBYA, IBRAHIM AL-ASTHA OMAR (1908-1950)
100 TAHUN KELAHIRAN PENYAIR LIBYA, IBRAHIM AL-ASTHA OMAR (1908-1950)
Sebagai penghargaan kepada budayawan dan tokoh intelektual nasional Libya, Dar al-Kutub al-Wathaniyah (semacam Balai Pustaka-nya Libya) memperingati 100 tahun kelahiran penyair dan pujangga Libya, Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar (1908-1950) pada tgl. 24 – 25 Februari 2009. Peringatan budaya dan sastra tersebut melibatkan para sastrawan Libya dengan membuat studi dan riset mengenai peran, karya dan kepenyairan Ibrahim A. Omar. Juga dilaksanakan malam seni, budaya dan otologi syair yang diikuti oleh para penyair Libya, antara lain, Rashid Zubeir, Azab Rakabi, Mohamed Mehdi, Haniyah Kadiki, Ragab Majiri, Rihab Sneib, Isham Farjani dan Abdul Hamid Bathaw. Tamu kehormatan pada malam ontologi tersebut adalah budayawan Libya, Ali Moustafa al-Misurati (diambil dari nama kota Misurata, - kota ketiga terbesar di Libya, setelah Tripoli dan Benghazi – dimana kumpulan cerpennya, ‘Abdel Karim Tahta al-Jisr’ [Abdel Karim..dibawah Jembatan], terbitan al-Muassasah al-Arabiyah li al-Nasyar wa al-Ibda’, Casablanca, Maroko sedang saya baca, disamping novel ‘Khirrijaat Qaryunes’ (Cewek-cewek Alumni Universitas Qaryunes), karya Aisha al-Ashfar, terbitan Dar al-Kutub al-Wathaniyah, Benghazi, Libya).
Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar dilahirkan di kota Darnah pada tahun 1908, dan bekerja di Bagian Bea dan Cukai. Kemudian ikut tes masuk kepegawaian kehakiman dan diangkat sebagai Hakim. Sempat memimpin cabang ’Jam’iyah Omar Mukhtar’ (Organisasi Omar Mukhtar) di kota kelahirannya Darnah. Kemudian dia mengembara dan merantau ke Mesir, Syria, Irak dan Jordania Timur. Di negeri-negeri tersebut, dia bertemu dan bergumul dengan tokoh sastrawan dan budayawan negara tersebut, disamping dia menjadi anggota Komite Pembela Barqa dan Tripoli di Damaskus. Pada tahun 1967 dia menerbitkan ontology puisinya, berjudul, ‘al-Bulbul wa al-Wakar’. Sastrawan dan budayawan Ali Moustafa al- Misurati juga menulis tentang Ibrahim A. Omar dengan judul, ‘Syair min Libya…Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar (Penyair dari Libya….Ibrahim A. Omar), terbit pada tahun 1957. Dia meninggal pada tgl. 26 September 1950.
Menurut Dr. Shaeed Abou Deeb bahwa Ibrahim A. Omar termasuk diantara penyair yang awal-awal merespon ‘al-Mahgar School’ dalam syair dan sastra ( salah seorang tokoh penyair ‘al-Mahgar School’ adalah Gubran Khalil Gubran, yang di Indonesia dikenal dengan ‘Kahlil Gibran, yang sebenarnya adalah nama ayahnya, penyair asal Lebanon yang menetap di AS. Dalam konteks ‘al-Mahgar School’ terdapat dua aliran, yaitu aliran Amerika Utara yang berpusat di AS, sekarang dan kedua aliran Amerika Latin yang berpusat di Brazilia). Respon tersebut nampak pada karya syair dan perenungannya melalui kontemplasi pergumulan dengan persoalan kemanusiaan dan kebebasan (al-insaniyah wa al-hurriyah). Ibrahim tercatat dalam sejarah dan biografinya, suatu sikap dan ekspresi nasionalisme yang dipertahankan dan, bahkan diperjuangkan hingga akhir hayatnya, seperti tema-tema, kebenaran (truth), kebebasan dan cinta tanah air. Hal ini yang membuat karya-karya kepenyairannya senantiasa up to date dan perennial.
Menurut Dr. Omar Khalifah bin Idris, Guru Besar Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Qaryunes, Benghazi, Libya, bahwa Ibrahim A. Omar adalah seorang penyair sebagaimana penyalir lainnya, yang menulis berbagai tema kehidupan dan terlibat serta bergumul di dalamnya tentang kehidupan tersebut. Sedangkan tema nasionalisme dan idealisme, dsb, merupakan pintu gerbang keterkaitan dan ketersambungan sang penyair antara ‘wujdan’ dengan pembacanya. Romantika keindahan dan kepenyairannya, menurut penyair Mohamed al-Faqih Saleh, bisa dilihat dari dua sisi. Pertama, romantisme-nasionalisme yang erat hubungannya dengan persoalan ‘wujdaan’ dalam kerangka penggempuran terhadap kejumudan, status quo, berjihad dan melawan keputusasaan. Kedua, kecenderungan tradisional yang berhubungan dengan kembalinya ‘si anak hilang’ ke pangkuan ibu pertiwi Libya setelah mengembara ke barbagai negara Arab dan keikutsertaannya pada pergerakan politik nasional, baik sebagai tokoh dan pemimpin pada sebagian gerakan melalui ‘Jam’iyah Omar Mukhtar’, sehingga kepenyairannya merefleksian – pada awalnya – kerinduan pada ‘wujdan dan zat’; kemudian melebar pada tema tradisonal – persoalan kehidupan umum masyarakat luas. Sedangkan menurut Dr. Nagia Maulud Kailani, dari Departemen Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, Universitas Al-Fateh, Tripoli mengatakan bahwa tema besar kepenyairan Ibrahim A. Omar mengungkapkan berbagai paradoks persoalan, akan tetapi secara umum yang menjadi tema utamanya adalah persoalan kemanusian dengan berbagai aspek pergumulannya. Manusia yang mengalami ‘humuum’ kehidupan dan juga ‘humuum’ orang lain.
Sumber, Al-Arab Int., 2 Maret 2009
Sebagai penghargaan kepada budayawan dan tokoh intelektual nasional Libya, Dar al-Kutub al-Wathaniyah (semacam Balai Pustaka-nya Libya) memperingati 100 tahun kelahiran penyair dan pujangga Libya, Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar (1908-1950) pada tgl. 24 – 25 Februari 2009. Peringatan budaya dan sastra tersebut melibatkan para sastrawan Libya dengan membuat studi dan riset mengenai peran, karya dan kepenyairan Ibrahim A. Omar. Juga dilaksanakan malam seni, budaya dan otologi syair yang diikuti oleh para penyair Libya, antara lain, Rashid Zubeir, Azab Rakabi, Mohamed Mehdi, Haniyah Kadiki, Ragab Majiri, Rihab Sneib, Isham Farjani dan Abdul Hamid Bathaw. Tamu kehormatan pada malam ontologi tersebut adalah budayawan Libya, Ali Moustafa al-Misurati (diambil dari nama kota Misurata, - kota ketiga terbesar di Libya, setelah Tripoli dan Benghazi – dimana kumpulan cerpennya, ‘Abdel Karim Tahta al-Jisr’ [Abdel Karim..dibawah Jembatan], terbitan al-Muassasah al-Arabiyah li al-Nasyar wa al-Ibda’, Casablanca, Maroko sedang saya baca, disamping novel ‘Khirrijaat Qaryunes’ (Cewek-cewek Alumni Universitas Qaryunes), karya Aisha al-Ashfar, terbitan Dar al-Kutub al-Wathaniyah, Benghazi, Libya).
Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar dilahirkan di kota Darnah pada tahun 1908, dan bekerja di Bagian Bea dan Cukai. Kemudian ikut tes masuk kepegawaian kehakiman dan diangkat sebagai Hakim. Sempat memimpin cabang ’Jam’iyah Omar Mukhtar’ (Organisasi Omar Mukhtar) di kota kelahirannya Darnah. Kemudian dia mengembara dan merantau ke Mesir, Syria, Irak dan Jordania Timur. Di negeri-negeri tersebut, dia bertemu dan bergumul dengan tokoh sastrawan dan budayawan negara tersebut, disamping dia menjadi anggota Komite Pembela Barqa dan Tripoli di Damaskus. Pada tahun 1967 dia menerbitkan ontology puisinya, berjudul, ‘al-Bulbul wa al-Wakar’. Sastrawan dan budayawan Ali Moustafa al- Misurati juga menulis tentang Ibrahim A. Omar dengan judul, ‘Syair min Libya…Ibrahim Al-Astha Omar (Penyair dari Libya….Ibrahim A. Omar), terbit pada tahun 1957. Dia meninggal pada tgl. 26 September 1950.
Menurut Dr. Shaeed Abou Deeb bahwa Ibrahim A. Omar termasuk diantara penyair yang awal-awal merespon ‘al-Mahgar School’ dalam syair dan sastra ( salah seorang tokoh penyair ‘al-Mahgar School’ adalah Gubran Khalil Gubran, yang di Indonesia dikenal dengan ‘Kahlil Gibran, yang sebenarnya adalah nama ayahnya, penyair asal Lebanon yang menetap di AS. Dalam konteks ‘al-Mahgar School’ terdapat dua aliran, yaitu aliran Amerika Utara yang berpusat di AS, sekarang dan kedua aliran Amerika Latin yang berpusat di Brazilia). Respon tersebut nampak pada karya syair dan perenungannya melalui kontemplasi pergumulan dengan persoalan kemanusiaan dan kebebasan (al-insaniyah wa al-hurriyah). Ibrahim tercatat dalam sejarah dan biografinya, suatu sikap dan ekspresi nasionalisme yang dipertahankan dan, bahkan diperjuangkan hingga akhir hayatnya, seperti tema-tema, kebenaran (truth), kebebasan dan cinta tanah air. Hal ini yang membuat karya-karya kepenyairannya senantiasa up to date dan perennial.
Menurut Dr. Omar Khalifah bin Idris, Guru Besar Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Qaryunes, Benghazi, Libya, bahwa Ibrahim A. Omar adalah seorang penyair sebagaimana penyalir lainnya, yang menulis berbagai tema kehidupan dan terlibat serta bergumul di dalamnya tentang kehidupan tersebut. Sedangkan tema nasionalisme dan idealisme, dsb, merupakan pintu gerbang keterkaitan dan ketersambungan sang penyair antara ‘wujdan’ dengan pembacanya. Romantika keindahan dan kepenyairannya, menurut penyair Mohamed al-Faqih Saleh, bisa dilihat dari dua sisi. Pertama, romantisme-nasionalisme yang erat hubungannya dengan persoalan ‘wujdaan’ dalam kerangka penggempuran terhadap kejumudan, status quo, berjihad dan melawan keputusasaan. Kedua, kecenderungan tradisional yang berhubungan dengan kembalinya ‘si anak hilang’ ke pangkuan ibu pertiwi Libya setelah mengembara ke barbagai negara Arab dan keikutsertaannya pada pergerakan politik nasional, baik sebagai tokoh dan pemimpin pada sebagian gerakan melalui ‘Jam’iyah Omar Mukhtar’, sehingga kepenyairannya merefleksian – pada awalnya – kerinduan pada ‘wujdan dan zat’; kemudian melebar pada tema tradisonal – persoalan kehidupan umum masyarakat luas. Sedangkan menurut Dr. Nagia Maulud Kailani, dari Departemen Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, Universitas Al-Fateh, Tripoli mengatakan bahwa tema besar kepenyairan Ibrahim A. Omar mengungkapkan berbagai paradoks persoalan, akan tetapi secara umum yang menjadi tema utamanya adalah persoalan kemanusian dengan berbagai aspek pergumulannya. Manusia yang mengalami ‘humuum’ kehidupan dan juga ‘humuum’ orang lain.
Sumber, Al-Arab Int., 2 Maret 2009
Jumat, Februari 27, 2009
KOL. MUAMMAR GADDAFI: KETUA UNI AFRIKA
KOL. MUAMMAR GADDAFI: PIHAK ASING PENGGERAK KONFLIK DI DARFUR, SUDAN.
Pemimpin Libya, Kol. Muammar Gaddafi mengatakan bahwa usaha-usaha yang sekarang dilakukan untuk memahkamahkan Presiden Sudan, Omar Hassan Al-bashir sebagai pelaku kejahatan kriminal perang di Darfur di belakangnya adalah akibat intervensi asing ke dalam urusan dalam negeri Sudan. Gaddafi mempertanyakan dalam keterangannya di depan anggota ’Dukungan Kerjasama’ antara Uni Afrika-UNESCO tentang sebab-sebab pemahkamah-an Omar Al-bashir setelah jelas bahwa persoalan di darfur dibelakangnya adalah pihak asing. Dia menambahkan bukan rahasia lagi apa yang terjadi di Darfur digerakkan oleh ’kekuatan asing’, setelah ditemukan bukti-bukti kuat bahwa para tokoh pemberontak yang menguasai Darfur telah membuka kantor perwakilannya di Israel dan bersekongkol dengan militer Israel. Gaddafi menunjuk komunikasi intensif yang dilakukan antara Faksi Gerakan Tentara Pembebasan Sudan’ dengan Israel. Gaddafi mengajak Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional, PBB dan organisasi Internasional lainnya untuk menyaksikan betapa drama tragedi kemanusiaan terjadi. Di pihak lain, Gaddafi –yang juga Ketua Uni Afrika pada KTT UA di Addis Ababa awal Februari lalu – memperingatkan akan bencana akibat dari ’internasionalisasi’ konflik kekuasaan di Mauritania menjadi persoalan dunia seperti yang terjadi di Darfur. Gaddafi memperingatkan kepada pihak asing, ’jangan mencampuri urusan dalam negeri Afrika, karena kami (bangsa Afrika) mampu menyelesaikan persoalan Afrika’. Dia juga menandaskan bahwa adanya kepentingan dan intervensi asing membuat persoalan menjadi bertambah rumit. Dia mempertanyakan bahwa di Eropa juga terjadi konflik (persoalan) tapi kami tidak intervensi. Akan tetapi kenapa mereka ikut campur urusan kami. Padahal kami tidak butuh bantuan yang malah membuat dan menjadi bensin berkobarnya api konflik’. Bahwa bantuan yang diberikan selama ini oleh AS, Eropa dan Jepang kepada Afrika hanya untuk kepentingan dukungan Afrika terhadap pemilihan mereka. Mereka berjanji dengan memberikan abntuan miliaran dolar kepada Afrika, akan tetapi semuanya hanya ’janji’ dan ’tinggal janji’. Setelah mereka terpilih...mereka lupa dan Afrika tidak mendapatkan apa-apa hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu, kami menghadapi mereka dan membongkar kedok sebenarnya. Pihaknya juga mengutuk dengan keras serangan yang ditujukan kepada Pasukan Negara-Negara Afrika atas nama benua Afrika untuk perdamaian dan kedamaian di pelosok Somalia dan mengembalikan negara tersebut kepada stabilitas. Pihaknya meminta rakyat Somalia untuk menahan diri dan menghindari perbuatan brutal tersebut pada pasukan yang mengiinginkan kedamaian di negara mereka. (Al-Arab, 25 Februari 2009).
Catatan:
Ketua dan Pendiri Tentara Pembebasan Sudan, yang tinggal di Paris dalam wawancara jarak jauh (tele-conference) dengan jaringan TV AL-Jazeera mengatakan bahwa pihaknya apabila berhasil merebut kekuasaan akan langsung membuka Kedutaan Besar Israel di ibu kota Sudan, Khartoum dan membuka Konsulat Jenderal Israel di Darfur. Dia mengatakan bahwa dirinya bolak-balik berkunjung ke Israel untuk mengecek 8000 orang pengungsi anggotanya yang saat ini berada di Israel.
Pemimpin Libya, Kol. Muammar Gaddafi mengatakan bahwa usaha-usaha yang sekarang dilakukan untuk memahkamahkan Presiden Sudan, Omar Hassan Al-bashir sebagai pelaku kejahatan kriminal perang di Darfur di belakangnya adalah akibat intervensi asing ke dalam urusan dalam negeri Sudan. Gaddafi mempertanyakan dalam keterangannya di depan anggota ’Dukungan Kerjasama’ antara Uni Afrika-UNESCO tentang sebab-sebab pemahkamah-an Omar Al-bashir setelah jelas bahwa persoalan di darfur dibelakangnya adalah pihak asing. Dia menambahkan bukan rahasia lagi apa yang terjadi di Darfur digerakkan oleh ’kekuatan asing’, setelah ditemukan bukti-bukti kuat bahwa para tokoh pemberontak yang menguasai Darfur telah membuka kantor perwakilannya di Israel dan bersekongkol dengan militer Israel. Gaddafi menunjuk komunikasi intensif yang dilakukan antara Faksi Gerakan Tentara Pembebasan Sudan’ dengan Israel. Gaddafi mengajak Mahkamah Kriminal Internasional, PBB dan organisasi Internasional lainnya untuk menyaksikan betapa drama tragedi kemanusiaan terjadi. Di pihak lain, Gaddafi –yang juga Ketua Uni Afrika pada KTT UA di Addis Ababa awal Februari lalu – memperingatkan akan bencana akibat dari ’internasionalisasi’ konflik kekuasaan di Mauritania menjadi persoalan dunia seperti yang terjadi di Darfur. Gaddafi memperingatkan kepada pihak asing, ’jangan mencampuri urusan dalam negeri Afrika, karena kami (bangsa Afrika) mampu menyelesaikan persoalan Afrika’. Dia juga menandaskan bahwa adanya kepentingan dan intervensi asing membuat persoalan menjadi bertambah rumit. Dia mempertanyakan bahwa di Eropa juga terjadi konflik (persoalan) tapi kami tidak intervensi. Akan tetapi kenapa mereka ikut campur urusan kami. Padahal kami tidak butuh bantuan yang malah membuat dan menjadi bensin berkobarnya api konflik’. Bahwa bantuan yang diberikan selama ini oleh AS, Eropa dan Jepang kepada Afrika hanya untuk kepentingan dukungan Afrika terhadap pemilihan mereka. Mereka berjanji dengan memberikan abntuan miliaran dolar kepada Afrika, akan tetapi semuanya hanya ’janji’ dan ’tinggal janji’. Setelah mereka terpilih...mereka lupa dan Afrika tidak mendapatkan apa-apa hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu, kami menghadapi mereka dan membongkar kedok sebenarnya. Pihaknya juga mengutuk dengan keras serangan yang ditujukan kepada Pasukan Negara-Negara Afrika atas nama benua Afrika untuk perdamaian dan kedamaian di pelosok Somalia dan mengembalikan negara tersebut kepada stabilitas. Pihaknya meminta rakyat Somalia untuk menahan diri dan menghindari perbuatan brutal tersebut pada pasukan yang mengiinginkan kedamaian di negara mereka. (Al-Arab, 25 Februari 2009).
Catatan:
Ketua dan Pendiri Tentara Pembebasan Sudan, yang tinggal di Paris dalam wawancara jarak jauh (tele-conference) dengan jaringan TV AL-Jazeera mengatakan bahwa pihaknya apabila berhasil merebut kekuasaan akan langsung membuka Kedutaan Besar Israel di ibu kota Sudan, Khartoum dan membuka Konsulat Jenderal Israel di Darfur. Dia mengatakan bahwa dirinya bolak-balik berkunjung ke Israel untuk mengecek 8000 orang pengungsi anggotanya yang saat ini berada di Israel.
Kamis, Februari 26, 2009
GADDAFI ISLAMIC CENTER SENTUL SELATAN BOGOR
Republika, Rabu, 18 Februari 2009
Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center Segera Diresmikan
Umat Muslim Indonesia tak lama lagi akan memiliki sebuah pusat kegiatan dakwah bernama Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center. Pembangunan tahap pertama pusat dakwah Islam yang terletak di kawasan Sentul, Bogor, Jawa Barat, itu telah selesai. Qadafi Center yang dibangun di atas lahan seluas 12.600 meter terdiri atas bangunan masjid, convention hall, serta menara setinggi 57 meter yang dilengkapi lift.
''Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center ini, insya Allah akan diresmikan pada 13 Mei 2009 mendatang,'' ungkap Pembina Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center, KH Muhyiddin Junaidi. Menurut dia, pusat kegiatan umat yang akan mencetak kader-kader dai dan ulama di Indonesia itu mampu menampung sekitar 22 ribu jamaah. Selain itu, gedung megah berlantai tiga itu juga dihiasi dengan air mancur.
Pembangunan tahap pertama Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center yang dibiayai World Islamic Call Society (WICS) organisasi dakwah Islam dunia yang berpusat di Tripoli, Libya itu menelan biaya sebesar Rp 36,9 miliar. ''Untuk pembangunan tahap kedua, dianggarkan dana sebesar Rp 23 miliar,'' imbuhnya. Dana sebesar itu akan digunakan untuk membangun taman, area parkir, serta pesantren.
Selain itu, pusat kegiatan umat Islam itu akan dihiasi payung yang serupa dengan yang ada di Masjid Nabawi Madinah. Kehadiran pusat keislaman itu juga diharapkan dapat membentengi akidah umat Islam di wilayah sekitar yang kini menjadi sasaran pemurtadan. hri
(Sumber, Koran Republika, 18 Feb 2009). Bagi yang belum baca Republika, sebagai info.
Catatan:
Berbagai harapan muncul dari adanya Pusat Islam tersebut. Semga menjadi sebuah Pusat Islam yang bukan hanya kemegahan fisik bangunannya tapi juga idealismenya. Ketika delegasi businessmen Libya dan media TV Libya berkunjung ke lokasi, pada bulan Oktober 2008, bangunan utama hampir rampung.
Sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh K.H. Muhyiddin Junaidi (biasa dipanggil Pak Jun) bahwa Gaddafi Islamic Center (GIC) dibangun oleh World Islamic Call Society (WICS) dimana WICS itu sendiri di Tripoli membawahi sebuah perguruan tinggi dakwah yang dikhsususkan bagi mahasiswa asing bernama Kulliyat Dakwah Islamiyah (KDI). KDI sendiri mengelola program S1, S2 dan S3. Idealnya, GIC dapat mengelola Kulliyat seperti KDI di Indonesia untuk mahasiswa program S1 denga pertimbangan pengelolaan tersebut lebih murah dibandingkan dengan mengiriman mahasiswa S1 ke Libya. Bisa jadi, 1 berbanding 30. artinya, bila WICS melalui GIC mengadakan kuliah maka akan tetampung 30 orang mahasiswa sebanding dengan mengirim hanya 1 orang mahasiswa belaajr di WICS -KDI Tripoli. Sedangkan KDI Tripoli (Pusat) hanya untuk mehasiswa yang meneruskan doktoralnya saja (S2 dan S3).
Hal semacam itu juga sebenarnya yang melrbelakangi Islamic College for Advanced Studies (ICAS) yang berpusat di London mengadakan kerjasama dengan Uiversitas Paramadina Jakarta dimana, menurut Dr. Ali Movahedi, Direktur ICAS Jakarta pertama mengatakan berbanding, 1 : 50 orang.
Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center Segera Diresmikan
Umat Muslim Indonesia tak lama lagi akan memiliki sebuah pusat kegiatan dakwah bernama Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center. Pembangunan tahap pertama pusat dakwah Islam yang terletak di kawasan Sentul, Bogor, Jawa Barat, itu telah selesai. Qadafi Center yang dibangun di atas lahan seluas 12.600 meter terdiri atas bangunan masjid, convention hall, serta menara setinggi 57 meter yang dilengkapi lift.
''Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center ini, insya Allah akan diresmikan pada 13 Mei 2009 mendatang,'' ungkap Pembina Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center, KH Muhyiddin Junaidi. Menurut dia, pusat kegiatan umat yang akan mencetak kader-kader dai dan ulama di Indonesia itu mampu menampung sekitar 22 ribu jamaah. Selain itu, gedung megah berlantai tiga itu juga dihiasi dengan air mancur.
Pembangunan tahap pertama Moamar Qadafi Islamic Center yang dibiayai World Islamic Call Society (WICS) organisasi dakwah Islam dunia yang berpusat di Tripoli, Libya itu menelan biaya sebesar Rp 36,9 miliar. ''Untuk pembangunan tahap kedua, dianggarkan dana sebesar Rp 23 miliar,'' imbuhnya. Dana sebesar itu akan digunakan untuk membangun taman, area parkir, serta pesantren.
Selain itu, pusat kegiatan umat Islam itu akan dihiasi payung yang serupa dengan yang ada di Masjid Nabawi Madinah. Kehadiran pusat keislaman itu juga diharapkan dapat membentengi akidah umat Islam di wilayah sekitar yang kini menjadi sasaran pemurtadan. hri
(Sumber, Koran Republika, 18 Feb 2009). Bagi yang belum baca Republika, sebagai info.
Catatan:
Berbagai harapan muncul dari adanya Pusat Islam tersebut. Semga menjadi sebuah Pusat Islam yang bukan hanya kemegahan fisik bangunannya tapi juga idealismenya. Ketika delegasi businessmen Libya dan media TV Libya berkunjung ke lokasi, pada bulan Oktober 2008, bangunan utama hampir rampung.
Sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh K.H. Muhyiddin Junaidi (biasa dipanggil Pak Jun) bahwa Gaddafi Islamic Center (GIC) dibangun oleh World Islamic Call Society (WICS) dimana WICS itu sendiri di Tripoli membawahi sebuah perguruan tinggi dakwah yang dikhsususkan bagi mahasiswa asing bernama Kulliyat Dakwah Islamiyah (KDI). KDI sendiri mengelola program S1, S2 dan S3. Idealnya, GIC dapat mengelola Kulliyat seperti KDI di Indonesia untuk mahasiswa program S1 denga pertimbangan pengelolaan tersebut lebih murah dibandingkan dengan mengiriman mahasiswa S1 ke Libya. Bisa jadi, 1 berbanding 30. artinya, bila WICS melalui GIC mengadakan kuliah maka akan tetampung 30 orang mahasiswa sebanding dengan mengirim hanya 1 orang mahasiswa belaajr di WICS -KDI Tripoli. Sedangkan KDI Tripoli (Pusat) hanya untuk mehasiswa yang meneruskan doktoralnya saja (S2 dan S3).
Hal semacam itu juga sebenarnya yang melrbelakangi Islamic College for Advanced Studies (ICAS) yang berpusat di London mengadakan kerjasama dengan Uiversitas Paramadina Jakarta dimana, menurut Dr. Ali Movahedi, Direktur ICAS Jakarta pertama mengatakan berbanding, 1 : 50 orang.
SINDIKAT ESEK-ESEK DI SAUDI (MAKKAH AL-MUKARRAMAH)
Polisi Agama Saudi Arabia (hay'at al-Amr bi al-Ma'ruf wa al-Nahyi an al-Munkar) mengumumkan bahwa pihaknya telah menangkap sindikat yang bergerak di bidang pelacuran terselubung dengan dalih kawin kontrak.
Ketua Polisi Agama Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abd. Rahman bin Hamad al-Dailaj mengatakan bahwa kantor cabang Makkah telah berhasil menangkap sindikat tersebut yang terdiri dari 2 orang laki-laki dan dua orang cewek dari warga negara Asia (Indonesia) setelah mendapat informasi bahwa sindikat tersebut melakukan pelacuran dengan kedok agama. Dia menambahkan bahwa cewek itu sangat popuer di kalangan pencari 'cewek' buat bobo-boboan, namanya Farida yang biasa mendatangkan cewek yang diminta para pemuda hidung belang dan diproses perkawinan kontrak. Setelah berhasil mendapatkan nomor Hp Farida dan berpura-pura memesan cewek untuk dikawinkan kontrak, kantor Polisi Agama Makkah berhasil menangkap geng tersebut. Kelompok itu menawarkan harga sebsar SR 3000 Saudi Riyal (1 USD = SR 3.75), belum termasuk SR 500 uang lelah dan SR 200 untuk saksi dan diperlukan dua orang saksi. Busettttt berani amat di tanah suci....gilaaaa. (Sumber: surat kabar Al-Arab, 10 Feb 2009).
Koran Al-Arab sebelumnya juga melaporkan pengakuan orang Saudi yang jalan-jalan ke Puncak dan Cisarua, yang mengaku ditawari cewek lengkap dengan 'penghulu' dan caln cewek. Makelar tersebut membawa 10 orang cewek dan berkta, silahkan pilih yang anda suka. Gadis harganya USD 300 dan janda USD 200. lama masa kawin kontraknya terserah (maftuh)... Ternyata menurut sahabat saya yang banyak tahu hal tersebut, ada sindikat sendiri di Jakarta. Orng Arab senengya di Jakarta tinggal di kawasan Atrium Senen dan suka nongkrong di food court. Dimana pelayaannya restoran disitu mantan TKW di Timteng yang bisa bahasa arab 'amiyah' dan berperan menjadi makelar. Maka transaksi esek-esek dari situ di mulai. Juga restoran favorit mereka terletak di jalan Raden Saleh. Disitu banyak nongrng mobil plat Bogor dan sukabumi, yang juga berperan sebagai makelar. Belum lagi Cisarua yang lengkap dengan kedai-kedai yang menjual berbagai macam makanan dan warkop khas Arab. Pantes ketika saya makan di salah satu restoran di Raden Saleh ada cewek bertelpon ria dalam bahsa Arab didampingi cowok Arab...dan gak lama datang cewek dengan pakaian seksi dan seronok... Wallahu A'lam selanjutnya...karena saya meninggakan tempat itu duluan...
Ketua Polisi Agama Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Abd. Rahman bin Hamad al-Dailaj mengatakan bahwa kantor cabang Makkah telah berhasil menangkap sindikat tersebut yang terdiri dari 2 orang laki-laki dan dua orang cewek dari warga negara Asia (Indonesia) setelah mendapat informasi bahwa sindikat tersebut melakukan pelacuran dengan kedok agama. Dia menambahkan bahwa cewek itu sangat popuer di kalangan pencari 'cewek' buat bobo-boboan, namanya Farida yang biasa mendatangkan cewek yang diminta para pemuda hidung belang dan diproses perkawinan kontrak. Setelah berhasil mendapatkan nomor Hp Farida dan berpura-pura memesan cewek untuk dikawinkan kontrak, kantor Polisi Agama Makkah berhasil menangkap geng tersebut. Kelompok itu menawarkan harga sebsar SR 3000 Saudi Riyal (1 USD = SR 3.75), belum termasuk SR 500 uang lelah dan SR 200 untuk saksi dan diperlukan dua orang saksi. Busettttt berani amat di tanah suci....gilaaaa. (Sumber: surat kabar Al-Arab, 10 Feb 2009).
Koran Al-Arab sebelumnya juga melaporkan pengakuan orang Saudi yang jalan-jalan ke Puncak dan Cisarua, yang mengaku ditawari cewek lengkap dengan 'penghulu' dan caln cewek. Makelar tersebut membawa 10 orang cewek dan berkta, silahkan pilih yang anda suka. Gadis harganya USD 300 dan janda USD 200. lama masa kawin kontraknya terserah (maftuh)... Ternyata menurut sahabat saya yang banyak tahu hal tersebut, ada sindikat sendiri di Jakarta. Orng Arab senengya di Jakarta tinggal di kawasan Atrium Senen dan suka nongkrong di food court. Dimana pelayaannya restoran disitu mantan TKW di Timteng yang bisa bahasa arab 'amiyah' dan berperan menjadi makelar. Maka transaksi esek-esek dari situ di mulai. Juga restoran favorit mereka terletak di jalan Raden Saleh. Disitu banyak nongrng mobil plat Bogor dan sukabumi, yang juga berperan sebagai makelar. Belum lagi Cisarua yang lengkap dengan kedai-kedai yang menjual berbagai macam makanan dan warkop khas Arab. Pantes ketika saya makan di salah satu restoran di Raden Saleh ada cewek bertelpon ria dalam bahsa Arab didampingi cowok Arab...dan gak lama datang cewek dengan pakaian seksi dan seronok... Wallahu A'lam selanjutnya...karena saya meninggakan tempat itu duluan...
TUNIIA: TEMPAT MENARIK 'MAKAN ANGN'
International Living menempatkan Tunisia, sebuah negeri nun di Afrika Utara berbatasan degan Libya dan Al-Jazair menjadi tempat teratas buat plesiran dan cari angin. Tunisia menempati ranking ke-77 dari seluruh dunia dan menempati ranking teratas dari dunia Arab dan Timur Tengah, diikuti kemduian oleh Maroko dan Jordan, ranking ke-91 dan Maroko ranking ke-98. Perankingan International Living berdasarkan unsur-unsur enjoying kehidupan dari sisi ekonomi, sosial, kesehatan dan lingkugan.
Tunisia menjadi berubah sejak beberapa tahun terakhir ini berkat sistem yang diterapkan oleh Presiden Zenabdeen Ben Ali membuat lmpatan dalam kemajuan egeri itu di berbagai bidang, terutama dalam jaudah al-hayat, dimana sejak tahun 1987 pendapatan perkapita pendudunya melompat 4 kali menjadi USD $ 5.000, penduduk tingkat menengah semakin banyak mencapai 2/3 jumlah penduduk dan tingkat kemiskinan menurun sebear 3.8 %.
Diatara unsur yang jelas dalam jaudah al-hayat tersebut adalah meningkatnya keadaan 'berperadaban' menjadi 65 %, penerangan istrik dan air bersih naik menjadi 98 % dan penduduk yang punya rumah (gak ngontrak) menjadi 80 %. Sedangkan dalam bidang pendidikan Tuisia berhasil mensekolahkan 99% anak-anak usia sekolah dan merupakan angka spektakuler d dunia Arab. (Al-Arab, 13-14 Feb 2009).
Tunisia menjadi berubah sejak beberapa tahun terakhir ini berkat sistem yang diterapkan oleh Presiden Zenabdeen Ben Ali membuat lmpatan dalam kemajuan egeri itu di berbagai bidang, terutama dalam jaudah al-hayat, dimana sejak tahun 1987 pendapatan perkapita pendudunya melompat 4 kali menjadi USD $ 5.000, penduduk tingkat menengah semakin banyak mencapai 2/3 jumlah penduduk dan tingkat kemiskinan menurun sebear 3.8 %.
Diatara unsur yang jelas dalam jaudah al-hayat tersebut adalah meningkatnya keadaan 'berperadaban' menjadi 65 %, penerangan istrik dan air bersih naik menjadi 98 % dan penduduk yang punya rumah (gak ngontrak) menjadi 80 %. Sedangkan dalam bidang pendidikan Tuisia berhasil mensekolahkan 99% anak-anak usia sekolah dan merupakan angka spektakuler d dunia Arab. (Al-Arab, 13-14 Feb 2009).
KEGETIRAN SEORANG AHMED AL-IRYAN
Pada saat pembantaian Jalur Gaza oleh Israel, semua stasiun Radio dan TV Libya hanya menyiarkan dan menayangkan operet 'Al-Hilm Al-Arabi' (Mimpi orag Arab). Operet tersebut sagat menusuk hati dengan tayangan gambar kekejaman dan kesadisan tentara Israel terhadap warga sipil penduduk Palestina, juga perang saudara Palestina, maupun Arab-Arab. Pokoknya serba nestapa dan penderitaan manusia dech.. Lagu tersebut ditutup oleh kmentar seorang bocah cewek yang tatapan matanya kosong dan hampa.. mengambang.. mengawang...Dia bilang ya riiittttttttttt (oh...andaikan... ohhhhh...).
Penggalana lagu tersebut adalah:
Maatat quluubinnaas
Maatat binannakhwaa
Yumkin nasiitil yaoum
Innal Arab Ikhwah
(Hati dan nurani manusia sudah mati
Nurani kita juga sudah pada tertutp
Barangkali saat ini sudah pada lupa
bahwa sesama Arab itu bersaudara)
Pemimpin dunia Arab pada saat pembantaian Jalur Gaza tersebut (27 Des 2008 s/d 18 Januari 2009) mencrminkan kegundahan Ahmed Al-Iryan tersebut, berantem satu sama lain. Ada yang pengkhianat, ada yang penegcut, ada yang munafik, dan gak ada pejuang dan pembela kebenaran, kata mereka sendiri. Bahkan Dr. Abdul Hadi Athwan, mengatakan bahwa dunia Arab mengadapi /azmah aqiha wa azmah akhlaqiyah ( gak punya otak dan gak punya ahklak)....
Penggalana lagu tersebut adalah:
Maatat quluubinnaas
Maatat binannakhwaa
Yumkin nasiitil yaoum
Innal Arab Ikhwah
(Hati dan nurani manusia sudah mati
Nurani kita juga sudah pada tertutp
Barangkali saat ini sudah pada lupa
bahwa sesama Arab itu bersaudara)
Pemimpin dunia Arab pada saat pembantaian Jalur Gaza tersebut (27 Des 2008 s/d 18 Januari 2009) mencrminkan kegundahan Ahmed Al-Iryan tersebut, berantem satu sama lain. Ada yang pengkhianat, ada yang penegcut, ada yang munafik, dan gak ada pejuang dan pembela kebenaran, kata mereka sendiri. Bahkan Dr. Abdul Hadi Athwan, mengatakan bahwa dunia Arab mengadapi /azmah aqiha wa azmah akhlaqiyah ( gak punya otak dan gak punya ahklak)....
FATWA MUFTI SAUDI SOAL USIA MENIKAH BAGI WANITA
Mufti Arab Saudi, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Aalu Sheikh (Alu Sheikh, maksudnya keturunan Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab, yang dinisbatkan menjadi Wahabi, dan keturunannya bergelar dengan Alu Sheikh (keluarga Sheikh) menegaskan bahwa perkawinan perempuan yang berusia 10 tahun itu, halal dan boleh hukumnya.
Hal tersebut diungkapkan Sheikh Abdul Aziz dalam pegajian di Masjid Perumahan dosen Universitas Islam Imam Muhmad bin Saud Riyadh mengatakan bahwa kita sering mendengar melalui media tentang kawin usia ana-anak (al-qashiraat); dan wajib kit ketahui bahwa syariat Islam datang bukan untuk menzalimi kaum perempuan. Maka orang yang bilang bahwa tidak boleh kawin sebelum usia 15 tahun itu gak benar. Perempuan bila mencapai usia 10 tahun atau 12 tahun boleh dikawinkan. Orang yang bilang, usia itu terlalu kecil, maka pendapatnya salah dan telah menzalimi perempuan. Abdul Aziz melanjutkan orang yang mengatakan bahwa usia matang menikah pada umur 25 tahun sesungguhnya cara berfikirnya salah. Para orang tua kita, nenek kita, mereka kawin usinya belum genap 12 tahun. Akan tetapi pendidikan di rumah mereka yang benar oleh orang tua mereka menjadikan mereka mampu melaksanakan kewajiban dalam rumah tangga sebagai isteri. (Al-Arab, 15 Jan 2009)
Note:
Ulama Wahabi (Saudi) yang menganut faham literal dalam melihat persoalan, tidak memberlakuan ruang takwil di dalamnya dan tidak kontekstualisasi sehingga beragama menjadi kering. Celakanya faham model tersebut diekspor ke luar, terutama ke Indonesia yang notabene banyak yang tidak punya dasar pemahaman keilmuwan dasar Islamic Studies yang mumpuni, hanya modal semangat doang- menyambut aspek buih dari substansi ajaran Islam. Dalam soal usia perkawinan anak-anak tersebut, barangkali kasus Puji di Semarang menjadi salah contoh 'korban' kedangkalan pengetahuan Islamic Studies. Sangat mungkin rujukan yang dijadikan pedoman adalah buku-buku terjemahan ulama Wahabi atau buku yang ditulis oleh orang Indonesia yang juga berkiblat pada ulama Wahabi tersebut. Fenomena tersebut banyak meresahkan masyarakat dan para mahasiswi yang saya tahu yang cukup concern pada masalah perempuan dalam Islam.
Tapi ada fatwa lain yang juga datang dari Shekh Abdul Aziz yang tidak membolehkan perempuan bekerja, walaupun sebagai pegawai toko pakaian perempuan (semacam butik). Pendapat tersebut berbeda dengan Departemen Tenaga Kerja (Wizarah al-Amal) Saudi mengenai hal ini yang membolehkan perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian perempuan. Bahkan Polisi Agama Saudi (hay'at al-Amr bi al-Ma'ruf wa al-Nahyi an al-Munkar) yang terkenal keras dan kaku masih bisa memahami persoalan tersebut di atas.
Ketua Polisi Agama Saudi, Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Gheith mengatakan bahwa pihaknya tidak keberatan perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian perempuan apabila tokonya tidak bersebelahan dengan laki-laki. Perlu diketahui bahwa biasanya laki-laki yang menjadi penjaga toko yang menjual pakaian perempuan. Menteri Tenaga Kerja Saudi, Dr. Ghazi Al-Qushaibi daua tahun lalu telah mengeluarkan peraturan yang membolehkan pegawai perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian khusus perempuan. Akan tetapi peraturan ini belum bisa diterapkan karena kekuasaan agama yang sangat kuat dari kalangan ulama conservative Saudi yang tidak menyetujui peraturan tersebut, karena tidak adanya mall 'cewek' dimana semua nya hanya berbau cewek saja, dari mulai barang yang dijual, penjaga tokoya, pengunjungnya, OB-nya, cleaning servicenya dsb, - cuma sopirnya aja yang cowok ..ngkali.. Lucu...susah amat jadinya beragama. Katanya Islam pembebas wanita dari belenggu adat. (Al-Arab, 25 Des 2008)
Hal tersebut diungkapkan Sheikh Abdul Aziz dalam pegajian di Masjid Perumahan dosen Universitas Islam Imam Muhmad bin Saud Riyadh mengatakan bahwa kita sering mendengar melalui media tentang kawin usia ana-anak (al-qashiraat); dan wajib kit ketahui bahwa syariat Islam datang bukan untuk menzalimi kaum perempuan. Maka orang yang bilang bahwa tidak boleh kawin sebelum usia 15 tahun itu gak benar. Perempuan bila mencapai usia 10 tahun atau 12 tahun boleh dikawinkan. Orang yang bilang, usia itu terlalu kecil, maka pendapatnya salah dan telah menzalimi perempuan. Abdul Aziz melanjutkan orang yang mengatakan bahwa usia matang menikah pada umur 25 tahun sesungguhnya cara berfikirnya salah. Para orang tua kita, nenek kita, mereka kawin usinya belum genap 12 tahun. Akan tetapi pendidikan di rumah mereka yang benar oleh orang tua mereka menjadikan mereka mampu melaksanakan kewajiban dalam rumah tangga sebagai isteri. (Al-Arab, 15 Jan 2009)
Note:
Ulama Wahabi (Saudi) yang menganut faham literal dalam melihat persoalan, tidak memberlakuan ruang takwil di dalamnya dan tidak kontekstualisasi sehingga beragama menjadi kering. Celakanya faham model tersebut diekspor ke luar, terutama ke Indonesia yang notabene banyak yang tidak punya dasar pemahaman keilmuwan dasar Islamic Studies yang mumpuni, hanya modal semangat doang- menyambut aspek buih dari substansi ajaran Islam. Dalam soal usia perkawinan anak-anak tersebut, barangkali kasus Puji di Semarang menjadi salah contoh 'korban' kedangkalan pengetahuan Islamic Studies. Sangat mungkin rujukan yang dijadikan pedoman adalah buku-buku terjemahan ulama Wahabi atau buku yang ditulis oleh orang Indonesia yang juga berkiblat pada ulama Wahabi tersebut. Fenomena tersebut banyak meresahkan masyarakat dan para mahasiswi yang saya tahu yang cukup concern pada masalah perempuan dalam Islam.
Tapi ada fatwa lain yang juga datang dari Shekh Abdul Aziz yang tidak membolehkan perempuan bekerja, walaupun sebagai pegawai toko pakaian perempuan (semacam butik). Pendapat tersebut berbeda dengan Departemen Tenaga Kerja (Wizarah al-Amal) Saudi mengenai hal ini yang membolehkan perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian perempuan. Bahkan Polisi Agama Saudi (hay'at al-Amr bi al-Ma'ruf wa al-Nahyi an al-Munkar) yang terkenal keras dan kaku masih bisa memahami persoalan tersebut di atas.
Ketua Polisi Agama Saudi, Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Gheith mengatakan bahwa pihaknya tidak keberatan perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian perempuan apabila tokonya tidak bersebelahan dengan laki-laki. Perlu diketahui bahwa biasanya laki-laki yang menjadi penjaga toko yang menjual pakaian perempuan. Menteri Tenaga Kerja Saudi, Dr. Ghazi Al-Qushaibi daua tahun lalu telah mengeluarkan peraturan yang membolehkan pegawai perempuan bekerja di toko pakaian khusus perempuan. Akan tetapi peraturan ini belum bisa diterapkan karena kekuasaan agama yang sangat kuat dari kalangan ulama conservative Saudi yang tidak menyetujui peraturan tersebut, karena tidak adanya mall 'cewek' dimana semua nya hanya berbau cewek saja, dari mulai barang yang dijual, penjaga tokoya, pengunjungnya, OB-nya, cleaning servicenya dsb, - cuma sopirnya aja yang cowok ..ngkali.. Lucu...susah amat jadinya beragama. Katanya Islam pembebas wanita dari belenggu adat. (Al-Arab, 25 Des 2008)
20 EGARA TERLIBAT PEMBANTAIAN
20 NEGARA TERLIBAT DALAM PEMBANTAIAN WARGA JALUR GAZA, TOKOHNYA ADALAH ‘AMERIKA SERIKAT’.
Organisasi Amnesti Internasional menuduh Israel dan Hamas telah melakukan tindak kriminal perang dalam serangan terhadap warga sipil dan anak-anak di Jalur Gaza, Palestina selama 22 hari dari tanggal 27 Desember 2008 s/d 18 Januari 2009. Pihak Amnesti mengatakan terdapat bukti-bukti bahwa kedua belah pihak menggunakan senjata yang dipasok dari luar melalui laut untuk menyerang rakyat sipil. (Catatan: Coba perhatikan logika yang dibangun untuk menggiring sebuah tuduhan). Lapran Organisasi Hukum yang berpusat di London itu dikeluarkan kemarin (23 Februari 2009) menuntut Dewan Keamanan PBB untuk melarang dan memboikot pasokan senjata kepada semua pihak yang terlibat perang. Pihaknya juga menuduh Israel telah menggunakan senjata terlarang seperti phosphorus bombs (senjata kimia pospor putih) sebagaimana juga menuduh pihak Hamas telah meluncurkan roket ke kawasan Israel. (Catatan: Padahal kawasan Israel tersebut adalah daerah Palestina yang dicaploknya dan masih merupakan wilayah Palestina).
Akan tetapi para pengamat mengkritik - dalam konteks ini - penyamaan korban antara algojo sebagai kriminal perang dengan Hamas sebagai korban. Mereka menolak karena tidak bisa menyamakan antara Palestina dengan Israel, dan tidak fair membandingkan senjata yang menghancurkan dan canggih yang dipergunakan Israel dan dilarang oleh organisasi dunia dengan senjata ‘jadul’ yang digunakan oleh Hamas. Perlu dicatat bahwa roket yag diluncurkan Hamas ke Israel sejak 2001 hingga saat ini hanya bisa membunuh 18 orang warga Israel saja, sedangkan Israel hanya dalam tempo 3 minggu saja terlah sukses membunuh sebanyak 1300 warga sipil Palestina dimana lebih dari 50 % adalah anak-anak dan perempuan, serta melukai lebih 6000 orang. Donella Reveira, Utusan Amnesti Internasional ke Jaur Gaza sebagai Ketua Tim Pencari Fakta di Jalur Gaza mengatakan bahwa pembantaian dan serangan Israel telah menewaskan ratusan anak-anak dan warga sipil lainnya disamping telah menghacurkan semua sarana dan infrastruktur secara total di Jalur Gaza.
Di lain pihak, Malcolm Smart, Direktur Program Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara Amnesti Internasional meminta kepada Presiden Barack Hussain Obama untuk segera menyetop bantuan militer yang dialokasikan kepada Israel setelah Israel menggunakan senjata ‘haram’ dalam pembantaian terhadap warga sipil Jalur Gaza. Sedangkan bantuan amunisi dan persenjataan yang diberikan kepada Israel tersebut merupakan hasil pembayaran pajak warga negara AS.
Menurut laporan, bahwa lebih dari 20 negara terlibat konspirasi dalam pembunuhan warga sipil tersebut dengan menjual senjata kepada Israel yang dipergunakan oleh Israel dalam kejahatan perang dan melanggar hukum internasional. Para pengamat juga mengatakan bahwa organisasi dunia dan PBB menerapkan double standard ketika berbicara mengenai Israel, walaupun serangan terhadap Jalur Gaza baru-baru ini telah disaksikan miliaran mata manusia penduduk dunia melalui media massa, baik visual maupun Koran, internet dsb, akan tetapi Amnesti Internasional ingin memojokkan Hamas dalam laporan terakhirnya sehingga mengenyampingkan fakta yang sebenarnya, yaitu penghukuman dan kutukan kepada penjajah dan hak bangsa yang berjuang menuntut kemerdekaannya sebagai teroris.
(Koran Al-Arab International, London, 24 Februari 2009).
Organisasi Amnesti Internasional menuduh Israel dan Hamas telah melakukan tindak kriminal perang dalam serangan terhadap warga sipil dan anak-anak di Jalur Gaza, Palestina selama 22 hari dari tanggal 27 Desember 2008 s/d 18 Januari 2009. Pihak Amnesti mengatakan terdapat bukti-bukti bahwa kedua belah pihak menggunakan senjata yang dipasok dari luar melalui laut untuk menyerang rakyat sipil. (Catatan: Coba perhatikan logika yang dibangun untuk menggiring sebuah tuduhan). Lapran Organisasi Hukum yang berpusat di London itu dikeluarkan kemarin (23 Februari 2009) menuntut Dewan Keamanan PBB untuk melarang dan memboikot pasokan senjata kepada semua pihak yang terlibat perang. Pihaknya juga menuduh Israel telah menggunakan senjata terlarang seperti phosphorus bombs (senjata kimia pospor putih) sebagaimana juga menuduh pihak Hamas telah meluncurkan roket ke kawasan Israel. (Catatan: Padahal kawasan Israel tersebut adalah daerah Palestina yang dicaploknya dan masih merupakan wilayah Palestina).
Akan tetapi para pengamat mengkritik - dalam konteks ini - penyamaan korban antara algojo sebagai kriminal perang dengan Hamas sebagai korban. Mereka menolak karena tidak bisa menyamakan antara Palestina dengan Israel, dan tidak fair membandingkan senjata yang menghancurkan dan canggih yang dipergunakan Israel dan dilarang oleh organisasi dunia dengan senjata ‘jadul’ yang digunakan oleh Hamas. Perlu dicatat bahwa roket yag diluncurkan Hamas ke Israel sejak 2001 hingga saat ini hanya bisa membunuh 18 orang warga Israel saja, sedangkan Israel hanya dalam tempo 3 minggu saja terlah sukses membunuh sebanyak 1300 warga sipil Palestina dimana lebih dari 50 % adalah anak-anak dan perempuan, serta melukai lebih 6000 orang. Donella Reveira, Utusan Amnesti Internasional ke Jaur Gaza sebagai Ketua Tim Pencari Fakta di Jalur Gaza mengatakan bahwa pembantaian dan serangan Israel telah menewaskan ratusan anak-anak dan warga sipil lainnya disamping telah menghacurkan semua sarana dan infrastruktur secara total di Jalur Gaza.
Di lain pihak, Malcolm Smart, Direktur Program Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara Amnesti Internasional meminta kepada Presiden Barack Hussain Obama untuk segera menyetop bantuan militer yang dialokasikan kepada Israel setelah Israel menggunakan senjata ‘haram’ dalam pembantaian terhadap warga sipil Jalur Gaza. Sedangkan bantuan amunisi dan persenjataan yang diberikan kepada Israel tersebut merupakan hasil pembayaran pajak warga negara AS.
Menurut laporan, bahwa lebih dari 20 negara terlibat konspirasi dalam pembunuhan warga sipil tersebut dengan menjual senjata kepada Israel yang dipergunakan oleh Israel dalam kejahatan perang dan melanggar hukum internasional. Para pengamat juga mengatakan bahwa organisasi dunia dan PBB menerapkan double standard ketika berbicara mengenai Israel, walaupun serangan terhadap Jalur Gaza baru-baru ini telah disaksikan miliaran mata manusia penduduk dunia melalui media massa, baik visual maupun Koran, internet dsb, akan tetapi Amnesti Internasional ingin memojokkan Hamas dalam laporan terakhirnya sehingga mengenyampingkan fakta yang sebenarnya, yaitu penghukuman dan kutukan kepada penjajah dan hak bangsa yang berjuang menuntut kemerdekaannya sebagai teroris.
(Koran Al-Arab International, London, 24 Februari 2009).
Senin, Januari 26, 2009
PIDATO LEADER PADA PERINGATAN REVOLUSI AL-FATEH KE-39
The Leader of the Revolution Attends GPC Festive Session
Benghazi- 1.9.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
The Leader of the Revolution attended last night a special session of the General People's Congress in the city of Benghazi to mark the 39th anniversary of the Great al Fateh Revolution.
The Leader addressed the GPC session, devoting his speech to two main issues, the treaty of partnership and cooperation signed by Libya and Italy on Saturday.
The second issue is distribution of oil wealth directly to all Libyans and its consequences.
The Leader indicated that as discussion of the Italian colonial era was underway Libya had threatened to scale up relations with Italy to zero unless Italy admitted its guilt and fairly compensated the Libyan people for its occupation of Libya.
The Leader referred to the joint Libyan Italian Declaration issued in July 1998 under the government of Romano Brodi which implied an apology and recognition of compensation but never implemented because of procrastination and lack of sincerity on both
sides.
The Leader said ten years after the declaration it was imperative that a review of Libya's relationship with Italy be considered and Italy would be asked either to commit itself to apology and compensation or sever relations with it.
He said the painstaking effort led to the treaty which we signed yesterday.
The leader went on to say that Italy's promise to compensate, so as to close this file was meant to bring about a new precedent in international law ..that would consolidate the principle that he who colonize must compensate those he colonized ..it was not driven by the desire for money but rather the condemnation of colonialism as a failed project.
The Leader said that once the treaty entered into force, it would enter Libya's relationship with Italy into a new era of cooperation and friendship, turning forever the dark page of colonial times.
Text of the Leader's speech in the grand festive session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of Great al-Fateh Revolution Sunday night in Benghazi
Benghazi, 01.09.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
The Leader of the Revolution last night delivered a speech in the opening session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of the Great al-Fateh Revolution in the city of Benghazi, where the cheering activists welcomed him reaffirming their everlasting coalescence with him as the Leader of the Great Revolution and the maker of the Libyan people's historic victories; the latest of which, Italy's apology to the Libyan people for the period of Italian colonialism and its recognition of the Libyan people's right of compensation, which confirmed immortalization of thousands of the Libyan martyrs; among of whom, the Abduassalam Abuminiar al-Gadhafi, the first martyr of the first battle in 1911, and the last, Omar al-Mukhtar, the last martyr of the last battle in 1931.
Text of the Leader's speech in the grand festive session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of Great al-Fateh Revolution Sunday night in Benghazi
Benghazi, 1.09.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
Following is the text of the leader's speech :
In the name of Allah.
Happy blessed Ramadan and the anniversary of the Revolution .
We try to make our speech in brief and to benefit from this important meeting with the activists of the great Libyan people.
It is useful to review some issues that concern us away from composition and rhetorical speeches.
There are two issues I would like to talk about in brief:
The first one the '' Treaty '' which was signed with Italy yesterday and the other issue is '' distribution of Oil wealth '' and its consequences.
That was long struggle against Italy. Needless to say that Italy made us suffering when it colonized us.
Not only Italy, but also all of the colonizing countries. What did France do in Algeria? What did it do in Tunisia? What did it do in Morocco? What did it do in Syria .. in Lebanon? What did England do in Egypt .. in Yemen .. in Sudan? What did Portugal, Spain Holland and Germany do in other countries?
After the Revolution, we decided not to overlook such things perpetrated against us.
The Italians today said "We are Italy of today and not that of yesterday". They said "We executed Mussolini who made you suffering and dragged him in streets, and so was Graziani. We executed all of those and won victory over them; and the Italian people got rid of monarchy".
We found an Italian army of 20 or 30 thousand soldiers in Libya; they occupied agricultural lands, shops, workshops and all economic activities in Libya, especially in Tripoli and neighboring cities. That means, their farms extended from Misurata to Tarhuna and Zawia; all agricultural lands were in the hands of Italians when the revolution broke out.
As we expelled the British whose forces were entering Libya as if entering part of Britain .. British forces were taking off from Cyprus and Europe and land in Butnan like in Scotland. They were moving around here as if inside Britain .
The same thing was with the Americans who were occupying Libyan land.. Libya was under military occupation when we carried out the Revolution in this same night of 1969.
Of course, the British and the Americans were expelled because they have no properties, they entered the Libyan land and were evicted from it .
But, the Italians have properties.. they own agriculture, buildings, streets, workshops and all economic activities. They were disowned of these Libyan properties that they regarded as their own and they also were expelled.
After this file was opened , it can not be closed unless it is settled.
Expelling them was unquestionable and the Libyan properties that were under their hands were restored from them by the Revolution .
Afterwards we found that we have thousands of Libyans arrested by Italy inside Libya and were transferred to Italy .. to the Italian Islands, and since then no one asked about them.
I even asked some MP's who were nationalists .. In the previous agent toppled monarch era, there were MP's whom we consider as patriots like " Sheikh Subhi'' , ''al-Magharbi'', Mustafa Ben Ammer and like Ali Mustafa al-Musrati and others .
At that time, we were young and students admiring patriotic Representatives. After the Revolution I asked them, how come you were MP's and at that time, perhaps there were exiled still alive and their sons alive ands you did not open this file with Italy though you were visiting Italy for tourism and you have good relation with Italy that exiled 4000 or 5000 Libyans ?
Why did not you ask about those Libyans and their fate , even if they were sheep, we must ask about them. If one transferred say 5000 she- camel or cow, one has to ask about them and say where did you keep this livestock wealth, so how about 5000 human beings?
They said, this is a reality but it did not come up to our minds..
It is strange thing, those representatives of the rotten era who were providing meals of rice in order to give them your votes and nominate them as your representatives in elections .. but the case of Libyans exiled to Italy , a tragedy like this, they were unable to defend it .
We opened this file , regrettably, it was open after the Revolution at a late time, We asked about this case they said there were no Libyans and we do not know what happened to them .
Of course this file still open and I will mention later what the treaty said about it.
We found antiques had been stolen .. and I asked them: Why you, the representatives, the reign and the ones who say Libya became independent on 24 December in 51 or 52, did not ask for the antiques? Why the Italians did not return them back?
The Italians said no one asked them to return back those antiques.
Your rulers and representatives, to whom you gave your votes and fought for, did not asked for those antiques!! Why they didn't say: we want to retrieve our antiques, or find us our expelled people.
Later on, the American aggression on Libya took place in 1986, as you know; the American Sixth Fleet took part in the aggression, especially on the city of Benghazi. The jets that bombarded Bnina Airport were of the American Sixth Fleet, which receives commands from Napoli in Italy and directed by a station in Lampedusa Island, 300 km off the Libyan shores.
The aggression came from Italy .. We said how come from Italy? Didn't you say that Italy was a friend of ours? And Italy was no longer the Colonialist one? They said the forces were American and Italy was a NATO member. NATO is led by America and dominated by it. America took part in a war and was assisted by Britain. Jets took off from Britain, America and the Sixth Fleet, which set off from Italy".
We told them that the file had not been closed; we would never forgive Italy for what it had perpetrated against us .. It displaced us; displaced our people to live in the world's neighboring countries; you destroyed our land and filled it with mines; you erected gibbets, where thousands of martyrs had been hanged; even Omar al-Mukhtar, the hero of the Libyan resistance, was executed by hanging instead of shooting; they considered him as a rebel against the government .. which government? They said Italy's government. Was the Italian government a Libyan one?!!
After that -as we said- they seized properties and became theirs.
The Italian colonialism was ended just after the Italians had been evicted from Libya after the revolution.
They planted our lands with mines; we paid the price of those mines for tens of years, where people died, animals died and land was destroyed. We asked several foreign companies to work in certain areas, they refused because of mines .. costs were high. If you want us to work in those areas, you have to demine them first. The mines made many Libyans to lose arms, legs and many other were injured by those mines. Afterwards, we got rid of those mines on our own and gave the price of demining.
I told them it will not be possible for me to visit it..I may visit any other country in Europe but not Italy.. I will not visit it because there is vengeance between us and it ..I told them that I prefer that the enmity continues until a generation of Libyans are able to take revenge from Italy. All we had been able to do thus far is evict you ..to demand the whereabouts of exiles and the removal of landmines but the issue of refuge we leave it to future generations.
The Italians say" we are neighbours we are facing one another on the Mediterranean..Italy wants to correct its mistakes .. we let us be friends..we said we will not accept ..this is a revenge that will stand out ..we named 7th October the Day of Vengeance and deliberately expelled the Italians on the same day they invaded ..that day we still commemorate every year.
I personally wrote a story for a film called "injustice" or "Years of suffering" still being made, to show the Italian people the suffering endured by the Libyan people.
They said there was a treaty made in 1956 with the Kingdom of Libya and closed the subject .. Shameful thing: They paid about one million dinars or some thing like that. The Italians and the Libyans agents who were ruling in 56 . they ended every thing and they said we forgive you.. If only they mentioned the exiled or asked to remove mines since there were mines at that time , but none of that happened.
We have become - in fact - in big problem and discussion with them and we imposed sanctions on Italian companies , we made sanctions - those at the General People's Committee are the ones who know more about that - while the Italians were worried and asked to lift these sanctions on Italian companies.
Abdu-Rahman .. Clarify the sanctions imposed on Italian companies ?
____________Intervention by Abdul Rahman Shalgam, Secretary of GPC for
Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation :
" The Revolution's Command Council issued in 1970 a law stating that no Italian company has the right to register or work in Libya or renew its registration or given a license except by a decree by the Cabinet at that time and afterwards this authorization was transferred to General People's Committee.
In accordance with that , any Italian company - as I said - in order to register or work in Libya must be referred to Secretary of GPC for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation and the Secretary of GPC for Economy in order to review and study that case by case , then transferred to General People's Committee to grant license while other companies of any other nationality in the world were to register at GPC for Economy and carry out its works.
The Leader: Those were restrictions on Italian companies. They asked to lift those restrictions; we told them that we could not lift those restrictions before the problem between us and them was settled.
Actually, if the problem had not been settled, the relations between Italy and Libya would have been turned into hostile relations.
Of course Italy and Libya are in need of each other; at least Italy is need of Libya. As you know, the Libyan gas is exported to Italy and the Libyan oil is exported to Italy and the other European countries through submarine pipes connecting Libya and Italy; Italy has big interests in Libya.
It we go back to boycott, the matter would be disaster for Italy; we have threatened with this; we told them: if this files is not closed, we will bring relations to zero; they say: Why? we are friends of yours; we are with you in all international arenas, in the UN and others; this means Italy has never been against Libya; it feels regret for the past and for what Italian colonialists did.
In the year 1998, in the period of Prodi, we reached a Libyan-Italian Joint Declaration which recognized compensation; we told them to compensate the Libyan people and offer apology, but that was not put into implementation and was subject to procrastination by both sides; it was not serious.
After tens of years elapsed since the declaration, nothing has changed; accordingly, we had to reconsider relation; procrastination is not acceptable; there should be either commitment, recognition of compensation and apology; and hence good relations or the relation must be ended.
All this conflict resulted in the treaty that we signed yesterday - Treaty and not agreement - '' Treaty of Friendship Partnership and Cooperation between Libyan Jamahiriya and the Italian Republic'' .
Of course, this treaty were not read to you in full and it is not published , but you only heard about its content.. At the beginning it talks about '' political equality '' , in other words every country respects the other one .. Italy respects Libya and Libya respects Italy . Each country is free in its policies; in other words no one has the right to intervene , and not to resort to threat or use of force.. In other words, Italy does not use force against Libya and vice- versa and to ensure that force is not to be used between the two countries or colonialism and non- intervention in any form in the internal affairs of the state.
The important thing in this article is respect of the principles of international legitimacy, so Italy will not use or allow the use of its territories in any hostile action against Libya.
This is very important and it has been under long discussion in order to be included in the treaty and they said : '' We, Italy guarantee and pledge not to commit an aggression on Libya '' . We told them this is not enough .. They said How come not enough ? We told them because in 86 aggression against Libyan territories had come from Italy . They said it was not Italy , it came from America . We said , what is the use that you guarantee that no one will use you against Libya . What we want is that you ensure that neither America nor NATO are to use Italian territories against Libya.
After a long discussion we told them, then we would not make a treaty or reach any result ... Leave revenge to future generations and hostile relation remain better that aborting it.
This was article ( 4 ) '' In respect of principles of international legitimacy, Italy will not use or allow the use of its territories in any aggression against Libya and Libya will not use or allow the use of its territories in any hostile action against Italy '' .
This was the important article that Italy does not allow, according to this treaty even others to use its territories against Libya like what happened in the year 86.
Why did we strike the Island of Lampedusa in 86 ? Because the American Army used it. the American Third Fleet used this island .. the radar and direction station.
Additionally, there is another issue; the issue of "Dialogue of cultures and civilizations" .. That means don't impose your moral conducts on us and tell us to act the way you do; in turn we don't tell you to act the way we do.
Each group of people has its own culture, religion and traditions which must be respected. What we see now is that the west with America at the top is imposing it conducts on the third world. "If they walk body naked in streets, we have to do the same; otherwise they say we are backward or they won't make deals with us" .. they tell us to form parties, or they won't deal with us; so that they make parties against us; the tell us to carry out elections, or they won't deal with us.. They say they don't accept those crimes. They are some things in Quran and Islam which they said they don't accept them; Europe does not recognize these things; you have to change them if you want to be civilized"
Now, they impose several things on other countries .. they want interfere in the Islamic Sharia, Awqaf (endowment) and also the faith, the same way they impose on the gulf states and those regions. They interfere into Quran, faith, Hajj (Pilgrimage) and Zakat (alms).
They said no one can offer zakat to anybody else; this anybody else can be a terrorist and works for Bin Laden .. Zakat must be given to the government, if you want to offer Zakat. You know what they did with the spouse of the Saudi ambassador. She offered a person a Zaka of two thousand dollars; they said: How come you gave that person that money. That person could a Bin Laden's follower, a terrorist? You had to offer the two thousand dollars to the Saudi government, then the government can decide to whom it may give.
Then came the closure of the file of the past ..in which Italy pledged to compensate..but as I told you yesterday nothing could compensate the blood of our fathers and the Italian occupation of Libya.
This the reality ..if someone offered to be a friend of you ..if he did this in good faith and you have recovered what he had taken from you then you might say yes we can be friends behave as equals.
The Italian compensation pledge was meant to consolidate the principle that he who colonize must stand to account for his act..this will be a new precedent in international law that will help prevent repeat of colonialism.
Apology and compensation was meant to condemn colonialism .. to condemn the occupation of Libya and indeed occupation anywhere and anytime..it is a condemnation of the colonial project as a failure As far as we are concerned we are in no need for money from Italy or elsewhere ..we are in a strong position ..but we look for a new rule a new precedent in international law.
In this treaty Italy pledges - of course when it is approved by Italian Parliament and by Libyan People's Congresses , it becomes effective- to pay a quarter of a billion Dollars yearly for 20 years to come .
In other words, Italy for 20 years will pay the Libyan people a quarter billion every year > this is a good thing, if a poor country it is very important , but for us we are not interested in the material aspect, but what is important for us is to apply the new rule and that is colonialism must compensate the colonized peoples.
For 20 years Italy will carry out projects by building hundreds of houses at its expense in the areas destroyed by mines and by granting undergraduate and graduate scholarships for ( 100 ) Libyan students, renewable every time students finish their studies another ( 100 ) students will be sent instead and all these scholarships are funded by Italy.
Then, Libyans that can not be treated at the hospital that Italy Built in Benghazi for transplant and rehabilitation of the disabled as a result of mines and which was funded by Italy and which came as part of the declaration done in 98 that Italy builds a Medical Center in Benghazi for transplanting parts cut by mines - So those who can not be treated at the center in Benghazi are to be transferred to Italy for treatment at Italy's expense .
In this treaty Italy pledges - of course when it is approved by Italian Parliament and by Libyan People's Congresses , it becomes effective- to pay a quarter of a billion Dollars yearly for 20 years to come .
In other words, Italy for 20 years will pay the Libyan people a quarter billion every year > this is a good thing, if a poor country it is very important , but for us we are not interested in the material aspect, but what is important for us is to apply the new rule and that is colonialism must compensate the colonized peoples.
For 20 years Italy will carry out projects by building hundreds of houses at its expense in the areas destroyed by mines and by granting undergraduate and graduate scholarships for ( 100 ) Libyan students, renewable every time students finish their studies another ( 100 ) students will be sent instead and all these scholarships are funded by Italy.
Then, Libyans that can not be treated at the hospital that Italy Built in Benghazi for transplant and rehabilitation of the disabled as a result of mines and which was funded by Italy and which came as part of the declaration done in 98 that Italy builds a Medical Center in Benghazi for transplanting parts cut by mines - So those who can not be treated at the center in Benghazi are to be transferred to Italy for treatment at Italy's expense .
Then it will resume paying pensions to worthy Libyans, civilians, military and worthy heirs in conformity with the Italian regulations.
We told them the Libyan who fought alongside the Italians in the Italian military and recruited them by force, making them fight in Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia, have the right to retirement, you turned them into Italian soldiers...so how can you abandon them?
How can guarantee the thing we put forth in the treaty, they will resume paying salaries to heirs, because certainly they are not alive.
Then returning the manuscripts and antiquities, which we said they looted from Libya and taken it to Italy, no one talked about it until now, after the revolution we began talking after opening this file, the antiquities taken by the Italians, we asked about them.
In 1999, when D'Alema was Italy's prime minister, he returned a statue the whole world knew, the ordinary individual wouldn't its value, but the world, universities and archeologists knew know the goddess of beauty "Venus", he delivered it to us in a special cargo plane and it put in the museum.
Of course we were supposed to celebrate this, but for the Libyans "well it came and that's it".
Now, when our friend Berlusconi came yesterday he brought another very important statue "The Venus of Cyrene", which they took around 1936 and before that in 1913 they took Venus the goddess of beauty.
------Interposition: the Secretary of the GPC for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation.
"They found it in Cyrene in 1913, but they didn't immediately take it to Italy, because they found it broken, they left for a while...just as you said, it's regarded the institutions of the art of the Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians...and leader, now it's priceless.
***The Leader:
Berlusconi brought with him this famous statue "The Venus of Cyrene", which they took around 1935, it was discovered about 1800 years ago...about 1800 it was discovered off the shores of Cyrene, after taking it out of the sea it was then taken to Italy around 1935, the Libya didn't saying anything.
A right no one asking for it...no one demanded it, now, we told them where is Venus the goddess of love and beauty that was in Cyrene? they said that they have taken it in 1913, and we told them bring it back, they replied sorry the Italian governor presented it to the German military commander, since Germany helped Italy during the war, and he was rewarded with the great statue, we said we do not recognize this, whether you've given it to Germany or Mars, we want the statue, they went to Germany and returned the statue...the Venus statue, it was returned when D'Alema was the prime minister.
"The Venus of Cyrene" came yesterday, and will be put in the Libyan museum.
The pact says "returning manuscripts and antiquities that were taken from Libya to Italy during the colonial period, the joint committee points out the manuscripts and antiquities that will be the subject of legal procedures for returning them.
The pact says "Both countries mutually express will to continue cooperating on the mean to reach an agreement regarding the Libyan citizens who were forcefully exiled from Libya during the colonial period, with the determination to close this painful file for which in the joint declaration of 1998 Italy expressed regret for the pain it cause to the Libyan people.
Affirm a firm will to build the stage of bilateral relations that is based on mutual respect, equality, complete cooperation and relation as equals".
This is the backbone of the pact, the material compensation is ion this form, and the moral compensation is what's important.
And I think our friend Berlusconi is a serious and sincere to Italy and the friendship between the two countries, he plays an important role...on the international arena, he's a distinguish figure, he has majority in the Italian parliament, and surely the Italian parliament would approve what the prime minister signed yesterday.
The world would say, as long as we saw the Italian Prime Minister shaking hands and kissing the son of Omar Al-Mukhtar, a new era must have actually began.
Anyway, this is a precedent n the international law, international relations and the world history.
No one imagined that a colonial country would apologize or compensate people they colonized, but now it has become a precedent thanks to the Libyan people and their revolutionists.
And after the Italian parliament and the Libyan people's congresses approve the pact, relations between the countries would go into a new stage, we will forget the abhorrent past and the colonial generations that made this detested past.
I think Libya would benefit from this.
Of course Italy is benefiting from Libyan gas and oil, its companies will begin working and getting projects in Libya, it will have the priority as it is a friendly country.
However, at the same time there are issues in the pact concerning the conveying technology from Italy to Libya, and teaching Libyans technology in Italy so they would bring it back to Libya.
I think we've done a lot of things in this area there is no time to read them out, that is Libya will link itself with one of the eight major industrial European country, and a friendly country.
I think after approving this pact, we can set forward to strengthen relations with Italy...relation of the equal and mutual respect.
Both sides are committed to the pact, respecting one another, an no aggression starts from one country to another.
We will begin building beneficial relations with a country such as Italy, I promised this, we will benefit from the economic and technological point of view, even from on the political aspect, we will have a friend in Nato, the EU, the Mediterranean and the 5+5.
This is a great benefit...a moral gain...political and moral gain, we would benefit from it for a long time.
You know the file with America has been finally closed, problems, issues and compensations have ended, we thank the Arab countries, Qatar and Emirates, which help resolve the problem.
The file with France has been closed, the relation with France now is excellent, friendship and cooperation.
And with the support of our brothers in Qatar and Emirates, the file with America has been closed, I think the file has been finally closed and we have a relation of friendship.
Even without friendship, we neither want friendship nor animosity with America, they should just leave us alone.
It's not important that we present ourselves as America's friends...this is insignificant, the important think is to have a relation without animosity, terrorism, war and airstrikes.
They accuse us of bombing, terrorize them and threatening their interests in the world, we did this and killed dozens of Americans, that we instigated the world and supported the revolutionaries in the world against America.
They think we're like this, that Libya is behind any threat against American interest in the world, they accuse us of this.
Consequently, they tell us "Why do you angry when we attack you, when we punish at the Security Council, when we impose sanctions against you, instigate the world you, put on the list of terrorism sponsoring states, because you begun, you destroyed American ships and planes and killed hundreds of Americans, and you attacked us in different places".
This is what the Americans say...we are oppressed - you attacked us - America said it is innocent - we the Americans are oppressed, we're kind people, you attacked us in Rome, in Berlin, in Oceans, at our home land and everywhere on land sea and air, you Libyan killed hundreds of Americans, we should retaliate".
(Benghazi, 1 Al-Fateh 2008/2 Ramadhan 1429 H/1376 WR)
Benghazi- 1.9.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
The Leader of the Revolution attended last night a special session of the General People's Congress in the city of Benghazi to mark the 39th anniversary of the Great al Fateh Revolution.
The Leader addressed the GPC session, devoting his speech to two main issues, the treaty of partnership and cooperation signed by Libya and Italy on Saturday.
The second issue is distribution of oil wealth directly to all Libyans and its consequences.
The Leader indicated that as discussion of the Italian colonial era was underway Libya had threatened to scale up relations with Italy to zero unless Italy admitted its guilt and fairly compensated the Libyan people for its occupation of Libya.
The Leader referred to the joint Libyan Italian Declaration issued in July 1998 under the government of Romano Brodi which implied an apology and recognition of compensation but never implemented because of procrastination and lack of sincerity on both
sides.
The Leader said ten years after the declaration it was imperative that a review of Libya's relationship with Italy be considered and Italy would be asked either to commit itself to apology and compensation or sever relations with it.
He said the painstaking effort led to the treaty which we signed yesterday.
The leader went on to say that Italy's promise to compensate, so as to close this file was meant to bring about a new precedent in international law ..that would consolidate the principle that he who colonize must compensate those he colonized ..it was not driven by the desire for money but rather the condemnation of colonialism as a failed project.
The Leader said that once the treaty entered into force, it would enter Libya's relationship with Italy into a new era of cooperation and friendship, turning forever the dark page of colonial times.
Text of the Leader's speech in the grand festive session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of Great al-Fateh Revolution Sunday night in Benghazi
Benghazi, 01.09.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
The Leader of the Revolution last night delivered a speech in the opening session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of the Great al-Fateh Revolution in the city of Benghazi, where the cheering activists welcomed him reaffirming their everlasting coalescence with him as the Leader of the Great Revolution and the maker of the Libyan people's historic victories; the latest of which, Italy's apology to the Libyan people for the period of Italian colonialism and its recognition of the Libyan people's right of compensation, which confirmed immortalization of thousands of the Libyan martyrs; among of whom, the Abduassalam Abuminiar al-Gadhafi, the first martyr of the first battle in 1911, and the last, Omar al-Mukhtar, the last martyr of the last battle in 1931.
Text of the Leader's speech in the grand festive session of the General People's Committee marking the 39th anniversary of Great al-Fateh Revolution Sunday night in Benghazi
Benghazi, 1.09.2008 (2 Ramadhan 1429 H)
Following is the text of the leader's speech :
In the name of Allah.
Happy blessed Ramadan and the anniversary of the Revolution .
We try to make our speech in brief and to benefit from this important meeting with the activists of the great Libyan people.
It is useful to review some issues that concern us away from composition and rhetorical speeches.
There are two issues I would like to talk about in brief:
The first one the '' Treaty '' which was signed with Italy yesterday and the other issue is '' distribution of Oil wealth '' and its consequences.
That was long struggle against Italy. Needless to say that Italy made us suffering when it colonized us.
Not only Italy, but also all of the colonizing countries. What did France do in Algeria? What did it do in Tunisia? What did it do in Morocco? What did it do in Syria .. in Lebanon? What did England do in Egypt .. in Yemen .. in Sudan? What did Portugal, Spain Holland and Germany do in other countries?
After the Revolution, we decided not to overlook such things perpetrated against us.
The Italians today said "We are Italy of today and not that of yesterday". They said "We executed Mussolini who made you suffering and dragged him in streets, and so was Graziani. We executed all of those and won victory over them; and the Italian people got rid of monarchy".
We found an Italian army of 20 or 30 thousand soldiers in Libya; they occupied agricultural lands, shops, workshops and all economic activities in Libya, especially in Tripoli and neighboring cities. That means, their farms extended from Misurata to Tarhuna and Zawia; all agricultural lands were in the hands of Italians when the revolution broke out.
As we expelled the British whose forces were entering Libya as if entering part of Britain .. British forces were taking off from Cyprus and Europe and land in Butnan like in Scotland. They were moving around here as if inside Britain .
The same thing was with the Americans who were occupying Libyan land.. Libya was under military occupation when we carried out the Revolution in this same night of 1969.
Of course, the British and the Americans were expelled because they have no properties, they entered the Libyan land and were evicted from it .
But, the Italians have properties.. they own agriculture, buildings, streets, workshops and all economic activities. They were disowned of these Libyan properties that they regarded as their own and they also were expelled.
After this file was opened , it can not be closed unless it is settled.
Expelling them was unquestionable and the Libyan properties that were under their hands were restored from them by the Revolution .
Afterwards we found that we have thousands of Libyans arrested by Italy inside Libya and were transferred to Italy .. to the Italian Islands, and since then no one asked about them.
I even asked some MP's who were nationalists .. In the previous agent toppled monarch era, there were MP's whom we consider as patriots like " Sheikh Subhi'' , ''al-Magharbi'', Mustafa Ben Ammer and like Ali Mustafa al-Musrati and others .
At that time, we were young and students admiring patriotic Representatives. After the Revolution I asked them, how come you were MP's and at that time, perhaps there were exiled still alive and their sons alive ands you did not open this file with Italy though you were visiting Italy for tourism and you have good relation with Italy that exiled 4000 or 5000 Libyans ?
Why did not you ask about those Libyans and their fate , even if they were sheep, we must ask about them. If one transferred say 5000 she- camel or cow, one has to ask about them and say where did you keep this livestock wealth, so how about 5000 human beings?
They said, this is a reality but it did not come up to our minds..
It is strange thing, those representatives of the rotten era who were providing meals of rice in order to give them your votes and nominate them as your representatives in elections .. but the case of Libyans exiled to Italy , a tragedy like this, they were unable to defend it .
We opened this file , regrettably, it was open after the Revolution at a late time, We asked about this case they said there were no Libyans and we do not know what happened to them .
Of course this file still open and I will mention later what the treaty said about it.
We found antiques had been stolen .. and I asked them: Why you, the representatives, the reign and the ones who say Libya became independent on 24 December in 51 or 52, did not ask for the antiques? Why the Italians did not return them back?
The Italians said no one asked them to return back those antiques.
Your rulers and representatives, to whom you gave your votes and fought for, did not asked for those antiques!! Why they didn't say: we want to retrieve our antiques, or find us our expelled people.
Later on, the American aggression on Libya took place in 1986, as you know; the American Sixth Fleet took part in the aggression, especially on the city of Benghazi. The jets that bombarded Bnina Airport were of the American Sixth Fleet, which receives commands from Napoli in Italy and directed by a station in Lampedusa Island, 300 km off the Libyan shores.
The aggression came from Italy .. We said how come from Italy? Didn't you say that Italy was a friend of ours? And Italy was no longer the Colonialist one? They said the forces were American and Italy was a NATO member. NATO is led by America and dominated by it. America took part in a war and was assisted by Britain. Jets took off from Britain, America and the Sixth Fleet, which set off from Italy".
We told them that the file had not been closed; we would never forgive Italy for what it had perpetrated against us .. It displaced us; displaced our people to live in the world's neighboring countries; you destroyed our land and filled it with mines; you erected gibbets, where thousands of martyrs had been hanged; even Omar al-Mukhtar, the hero of the Libyan resistance, was executed by hanging instead of shooting; they considered him as a rebel against the government .. which government? They said Italy's government. Was the Italian government a Libyan one?!!
After that -as we said- they seized properties and became theirs.
The Italian colonialism was ended just after the Italians had been evicted from Libya after the revolution.
They planted our lands with mines; we paid the price of those mines for tens of years, where people died, animals died and land was destroyed. We asked several foreign companies to work in certain areas, they refused because of mines .. costs were high. If you want us to work in those areas, you have to demine them first. The mines made many Libyans to lose arms, legs and many other were injured by those mines. Afterwards, we got rid of those mines on our own and gave the price of demining.
I told them it will not be possible for me to visit it..I may visit any other country in Europe but not Italy.. I will not visit it because there is vengeance between us and it ..I told them that I prefer that the enmity continues until a generation of Libyans are able to take revenge from Italy. All we had been able to do thus far is evict you ..to demand the whereabouts of exiles and the removal of landmines but the issue of refuge we leave it to future generations.
The Italians say" we are neighbours we are facing one another on the Mediterranean..Italy wants to correct its mistakes .. we let us be friends..we said we will not accept ..this is a revenge that will stand out ..we named 7th October the Day of Vengeance and deliberately expelled the Italians on the same day they invaded ..that day we still commemorate every year.
I personally wrote a story for a film called "injustice" or "Years of suffering" still being made, to show the Italian people the suffering endured by the Libyan people.
They said there was a treaty made in 1956 with the Kingdom of Libya and closed the subject .. Shameful thing: They paid about one million dinars or some thing like that. The Italians and the Libyans agents who were ruling in 56 . they ended every thing and they said we forgive you.. If only they mentioned the exiled or asked to remove mines since there were mines at that time , but none of that happened.
We have become - in fact - in big problem and discussion with them and we imposed sanctions on Italian companies , we made sanctions - those at the General People's Committee are the ones who know more about that - while the Italians were worried and asked to lift these sanctions on Italian companies.
Abdu-Rahman .. Clarify the sanctions imposed on Italian companies ?
____________Intervention by Abdul Rahman Shalgam, Secretary of GPC for
Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation :
" The Revolution's Command Council issued in 1970 a law stating that no Italian company has the right to register or work in Libya or renew its registration or given a license except by a decree by the Cabinet at that time and afterwards this authorization was transferred to General People's Committee.
In accordance with that , any Italian company - as I said - in order to register or work in Libya must be referred to Secretary of GPC for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation and the Secretary of GPC for Economy in order to review and study that case by case , then transferred to General People's Committee to grant license while other companies of any other nationality in the world were to register at GPC for Economy and carry out its works.
The Leader: Those were restrictions on Italian companies. They asked to lift those restrictions; we told them that we could not lift those restrictions before the problem between us and them was settled.
Actually, if the problem had not been settled, the relations between Italy and Libya would have been turned into hostile relations.
Of course Italy and Libya are in need of each other; at least Italy is need of Libya. As you know, the Libyan gas is exported to Italy and the Libyan oil is exported to Italy and the other European countries through submarine pipes connecting Libya and Italy; Italy has big interests in Libya.
It we go back to boycott, the matter would be disaster for Italy; we have threatened with this; we told them: if this files is not closed, we will bring relations to zero; they say: Why? we are friends of yours; we are with you in all international arenas, in the UN and others; this means Italy has never been against Libya; it feels regret for the past and for what Italian colonialists did.
In the year 1998, in the period of Prodi, we reached a Libyan-Italian Joint Declaration which recognized compensation; we told them to compensate the Libyan people and offer apology, but that was not put into implementation and was subject to procrastination by both sides; it was not serious.
After tens of years elapsed since the declaration, nothing has changed; accordingly, we had to reconsider relation; procrastination is not acceptable; there should be either commitment, recognition of compensation and apology; and hence good relations or the relation must be ended.
All this conflict resulted in the treaty that we signed yesterday - Treaty and not agreement - '' Treaty of Friendship Partnership and Cooperation between Libyan Jamahiriya and the Italian Republic'' .
Of course, this treaty were not read to you in full and it is not published , but you only heard about its content.. At the beginning it talks about '' political equality '' , in other words every country respects the other one .. Italy respects Libya and Libya respects Italy . Each country is free in its policies; in other words no one has the right to intervene , and not to resort to threat or use of force.. In other words, Italy does not use force against Libya and vice- versa and to ensure that force is not to be used between the two countries or colonialism and non- intervention in any form in the internal affairs of the state.
The important thing in this article is respect of the principles of international legitimacy, so Italy will not use or allow the use of its territories in any hostile action against Libya.
This is very important and it has been under long discussion in order to be included in the treaty and they said : '' We, Italy guarantee and pledge not to commit an aggression on Libya '' . We told them this is not enough .. They said How come not enough ? We told them because in 86 aggression against Libyan territories had come from Italy . They said it was not Italy , it came from America . We said , what is the use that you guarantee that no one will use you against Libya . What we want is that you ensure that neither America nor NATO are to use Italian territories against Libya.
After a long discussion we told them, then we would not make a treaty or reach any result ... Leave revenge to future generations and hostile relation remain better that aborting it.
This was article ( 4 ) '' In respect of principles of international legitimacy, Italy will not use or allow the use of its territories in any aggression against Libya and Libya will not use or allow the use of its territories in any hostile action against Italy '' .
This was the important article that Italy does not allow, according to this treaty even others to use its territories against Libya like what happened in the year 86.
Why did we strike the Island of Lampedusa in 86 ? Because the American Army used it. the American Third Fleet used this island .. the radar and direction station.
Additionally, there is another issue; the issue of "Dialogue of cultures and civilizations" .. That means don't impose your moral conducts on us and tell us to act the way you do; in turn we don't tell you to act the way we do.
Each group of people has its own culture, religion and traditions which must be respected. What we see now is that the west with America at the top is imposing it conducts on the third world. "If they walk body naked in streets, we have to do the same; otherwise they say we are backward or they won't make deals with us" .. they tell us to form parties, or they won't deal with us; so that they make parties against us; the tell us to carry out elections, or they won't deal with us.. They say they don't accept those crimes. They are some things in Quran and Islam which they said they don't accept them; Europe does not recognize these things; you have to change them if you want to be civilized"
Now, they impose several things on other countries .. they want interfere in the Islamic Sharia, Awqaf (endowment) and also the faith, the same way they impose on the gulf states and those regions. They interfere into Quran, faith, Hajj (Pilgrimage) and Zakat (alms).
They said no one can offer zakat to anybody else; this anybody else can be a terrorist and works for Bin Laden .. Zakat must be given to the government, if you want to offer Zakat. You know what they did with the spouse of the Saudi ambassador. She offered a person a Zaka of two thousand dollars; they said: How come you gave that person that money. That person could a Bin Laden's follower, a terrorist? You had to offer the two thousand dollars to the Saudi government, then the government can decide to whom it may give.
Then came the closure of the file of the past ..in which Italy pledged to compensate..but as I told you yesterday nothing could compensate the blood of our fathers and the Italian occupation of Libya.
This the reality ..if someone offered to be a friend of you ..if he did this in good faith and you have recovered what he had taken from you then you might say yes we can be friends behave as equals.
The Italian compensation pledge was meant to consolidate the principle that he who colonize must stand to account for his act..this will be a new precedent in international law that will help prevent repeat of colonialism.
Apology and compensation was meant to condemn colonialism .. to condemn the occupation of Libya and indeed occupation anywhere and anytime..it is a condemnation of the colonial project as a failure As far as we are concerned we are in no need for money from Italy or elsewhere ..we are in a strong position ..but we look for a new rule a new precedent in international law.
In this treaty Italy pledges - of course when it is approved by Italian Parliament and by Libyan People's Congresses , it becomes effective- to pay a quarter of a billion Dollars yearly for 20 years to come .
In other words, Italy for 20 years will pay the Libyan people a quarter billion every year > this is a good thing, if a poor country it is very important , but for us we are not interested in the material aspect, but what is important for us is to apply the new rule and that is colonialism must compensate the colonized peoples.
For 20 years Italy will carry out projects by building hundreds of houses at its expense in the areas destroyed by mines and by granting undergraduate and graduate scholarships for ( 100 ) Libyan students, renewable every time students finish their studies another ( 100 ) students will be sent instead and all these scholarships are funded by Italy.
Then, Libyans that can not be treated at the hospital that Italy Built in Benghazi for transplant and rehabilitation of the disabled as a result of mines and which was funded by Italy and which came as part of the declaration done in 98 that Italy builds a Medical Center in Benghazi for transplanting parts cut by mines - So those who can not be treated at the center in Benghazi are to be transferred to Italy for treatment at Italy's expense .
In this treaty Italy pledges - of course when it is approved by Italian Parliament and by Libyan People's Congresses , it becomes effective- to pay a quarter of a billion Dollars yearly for 20 years to come .
In other words, Italy for 20 years will pay the Libyan people a quarter billion every year > this is a good thing, if a poor country it is very important , but for us we are not interested in the material aspect, but what is important for us is to apply the new rule and that is colonialism must compensate the colonized peoples.
For 20 years Italy will carry out projects by building hundreds of houses at its expense in the areas destroyed by mines and by granting undergraduate and graduate scholarships for ( 100 ) Libyan students, renewable every time students finish their studies another ( 100 ) students will be sent instead and all these scholarships are funded by Italy.
Then, Libyans that can not be treated at the hospital that Italy Built in Benghazi for transplant and rehabilitation of the disabled as a result of mines and which was funded by Italy and which came as part of the declaration done in 98 that Italy builds a Medical Center in Benghazi for transplanting parts cut by mines - So those who can not be treated at the center in Benghazi are to be transferred to Italy for treatment at Italy's expense .
Then it will resume paying pensions to worthy Libyans, civilians, military and worthy heirs in conformity with the Italian regulations.
We told them the Libyan who fought alongside the Italians in the Italian military and recruited them by force, making them fight in Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia, have the right to retirement, you turned them into Italian soldiers...so how can you abandon them?
How can guarantee the thing we put forth in the treaty, they will resume paying salaries to heirs, because certainly they are not alive.
Then returning the manuscripts and antiquities, which we said they looted from Libya and taken it to Italy, no one talked about it until now, after the revolution we began talking after opening this file, the antiquities taken by the Italians, we asked about them.
In 1999, when D'Alema was Italy's prime minister, he returned a statue the whole world knew, the ordinary individual wouldn't its value, but the world, universities and archeologists knew know the goddess of beauty "Venus", he delivered it to us in a special cargo plane and it put in the museum.
Of course we were supposed to celebrate this, but for the Libyans "well it came and that's it".
Now, when our friend Berlusconi came yesterday he brought another very important statue "The Venus of Cyrene", which they took around 1936 and before that in 1913 they took Venus the goddess of beauty.
------Interposition: the Secretary of the GPC for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation.
"They found it in Cyrene in 1913, but they didn't immediately take it to Italy, because they found it broken, they left for a while...just as you said, it's regarded the institutions of the art of the Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians...and leader, now it's priceless.
***The Leader:
Berlusconi brought with him this famous statue "The Venus of Cyrene", which they took around 1935, it was discovered about 1800 years ago...about 1800 it was discovered off the shores of Cyrene, after taking it out of the sea it was then taken to Italy around 1935, the Libya didn't saying anything.
A right no one asking for it...no one demanded it, now, we told them where is Venus the goddess of love and beauty that was in Cyrene? they said that they have taken it in 1913, and we told them bring it back, they replied sorry the Italian governor presented it to the German military commander, since Germany helped Italy during the war, and he was rewarded with the great statue, we said we do not recognize this, whether you've given it to Germany or Mars, we want the statue, they went to Germany and returned the statue...the Venus statue, it was returned when D'Alema was the prime minister.
"The Venus of Cyrene" came yesterday, and will be put in the Libyan museum.
The pact says "returning manuscripts and antiquities that were taken from Libya to Italy during the colonial period, the joint committee points out the manuscripts and antiquities that will be the subject of legal procedures for returning them.
The pact says "Both countries mutually express will to continue cooperating on the mean to reach an agreement regarding the Libyan citizens who were forcefully exiled from Libya during the colonial period, with the determination to close this painful file for which in the joint declaration of 1998 Italy expressed regret for the pain it cause to the Libyan people.
Affirm a firm will to build the stage of bilateral relations that is based on mutual respect, equality, complete cooperation and relation as equals".
This is the backbone of the pact, the material compensation is ion this form, and the moral compensation is what's important.
And I think our friend Berlusconi is a serious and sincere to Italy and the friendship between the two countries, he plays an important role...on the international arena, he's a distinguish figure, he has majority in the Italian parliament, and surely the Italian parliament would approve what the prime minister signed yesterday.
The world would say, as long as we saw the Italian Prime Minister shaking hands and kissing the son of Omar Al-Mukhtar, a new era must have actually began.
Anyway, this is a precedent n the international law, international relations and the world history.
No one imagined that a colonial country would apologize or compensate people they colonized, but now it has become a precedent thanks to the Libyan people and their revolutionists.
And after the Italian parliament and the Libyan people's congresses approve the pact, relations between the countries would go into a new stage, we will forget the abhorrent past and the colonial generations that made this detested past.
I think Libya would benefit from this.
Of course Italy is benefiting from Libyan gas and oil, its companies will begin working and getting projects in Libya, it will have the priority as it is a friendly country.
However, at the same time there are issues in the pact concerning the conveying technology from Italy to Libya, and teaching Libyans technology in Italy so they would bring it back to Libya.
I think we've done a lot of things in this area there is no time to read them out, that is Libya will link itself with one of the eight major industrial European country, and a friendly country.
I think after approving this pact, we can set forward to strengthen relations with Italy...relation of the equal and mutual respect.
Both sides are committed to the pact, respecting one another, an no aggression starts from one country to another.
We will begin building beneficial relations with a country such as Italy, I promised this, we will benefit from the economic and technological point of view, even from on the political aspect, we will have a friend in Nato, the EU, the Mediterranean and the 5+5.
This is a great benefit...a moral gain...political and moral gain, we would benefit from it for a long time.
You know the file with America has been finally closed, problems, issues and compensations have ended, we thank the Arab countries, Qatar and Emirates, which help resolve the problem.
The file with France has been closed, the relation with France now is excellent, friendship and cooperation.
And with the support of our brothers in Qatar and Emirates, the file with America has been closed, I think the file has been finally closed and we have a relation of friendship.
Even without friendship, we neither want friendship nor animosity with America, they should just leave us alone.
It's not important that we present ourselves as America's friends...this is insignificant, the important think is to have a relation without animosity, terrorism, war and airstrikes.
They accuse us of bombing, terrorize them and threatening their interests in the world, we did this and killed dozens of Americans, that we instigated the world and supported the revolutionaries in the world against America.
They think we're like this, that Libya is behind any threat against American interest in the world, they accuse us of this.
Consequently, they tell us "Why do you angry when we attack you, when we punish at the Security Council, when we impose sanctions against you, instigate the world you, put on the list of terrorism sponsoring states, because you begun, you destroyed American ships and planes and killed hundreds of Americans, and you attacked us in different places".
This is what the Americans say...we are oppressed - you attacked us - America said it is innocent - we the Americans are oppressed, we're kind people, you attacked us in Rome, in Berlin, in Oceans, at our home land and everywhere on land sea and air, you Libyan killed hundreds of Americans, we should retaliate".
(Benghazi, 1 Al-Fateh 2008/2 Ramadhan 1429 H/1376 WR)
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